Distribution and Supply of Germanium Resources in China and Abroad and Development Status of Antimony Industry China
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摘要:
这是一篇矿业工程领域的论文。锗已成为信息通讯、现代航空、现代军事与新能源等诸多高新技术领域不可或缺的战略性稀有金属资源。世界锗资源较为匮乏且分布不均，近96%的锗探明储量集中在美国、中国和俄罗斯等少数国家。作为中国最为重要的战略性优势矿产资源之一，锗在全国14个省（区）均有分布，矿床类型以煤层型和碳酸盐岩容矿型为主，集中分布于大兴安岭、西南三江、川滇黔、长江中下游和南岭等5个成锗区（带）。本文通过分析国内外锗资源禀赋、分布与开发利用情况，研判世界和中国锗产业链的消费形势与供需格局，提出需加大国内重点锗成矿区（带）勘查、开展锗高端材料和应用技术研发，加强锗产业结构优化升级、推动锗二次回收绿色健康良性循环发展等建议。
Abstract:This is an article in the field of mineral engineering. Germanium ore is an indispensable strategic rare metal resource in the fields of information and communication, modern aviation, military, new energy and many other high-tech fields. The world's germanium resources are relatively scarce and unevenly distributed, with nearly 96% of proven germanium reserves concentrated in a few countries such as the United States, China, and Russia. As one of the most important strategic advantageous mineral resources in China, germanium is distributed in 14 provinces (regions) throughout the country. The deposit types are mainly coal seam and carbonate hosted type, and are concentrated in five germanium forming regions (belts), including the Great Xing'an Mountains, the Three Rivers in Southwest China, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Nanling Mountain. By analyzing the endowment, distribution, and development and utilization of germanium resources at home and abroad, and assessing the consumption situation and supply and demand pattern of the world and China's germanium industry chain, it is proposed to increase the exploration of key germanium mineralization areas (belts) in China, carry out research and development of high-end germanium materials and application technologies, strengthen the optimization and upgrading of the germanium industry structure, and promote the green, healthy, and virtuous cycle development of germanium secondary recycling.
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Key words:
- Mineral engineering /
- Germanium /
- Strategic menerals /
- Distribution and supply /
- Industry chain
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Table 1. Main deposit types and mineralization geological characteristics of global germanium resources[14-15]
矿床大类 矿床亚类 主要矿物 赋矿围岩 典型矿床 独立
锗矿床铜铅锌锗矿床 硫银锗矿、白铁矿、
黄铜矿、闪锌矿、
方铅矿泥质页岩、凝灰岩、
斑岩、流纹岩纳米比亚楚梅布锗矿
玻利维亚中南部锗矿砷铜锗矿床 锗石、硫锗铁铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铜矿、砷黝铜矿、硫砷铜矿 元古代白云岩、
晶质灰岩刚果卡丹加锗矿
西南非特素木布锗矿锗煤矿床 含锗凝胶化煤、亮煤 早白垩世、新第三纪煤、碎屑岩、硅质岩、泥灰岩 英国伊尔科什盆地锗矿
内蒙古乌兰图嘎锗矿
云南临沧锗矿伴生
锗矿床含锗的铜铅锌锡银
硫化物矿床含锗闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿 上古生代碎屑岩-
碳酸盐岩石广东仁化凡口铅锌矿
云南曲靖会泽铅锌矿含锗的铝土矿
/沉积型铁矿床赤铁矿、绿泥石、含锗赤铁矿 上古生代碎屑岩
或铝土质沉积岩湖南长沙宁乡铁矿 含锗的页岩、油页岩、石油、煤等有机岩矿床 含锗复合腐殖酸盐
及锗有机化合物中生代褐煤、瘦煤；
第三纪煤、碎屑岩、
泥质岩俄罗斯巴浦洛夫锗煤矿
内蒙古五牧场区次火山热变质锗煤矿
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表 2 中国锗资源主要矿床类型与成矿地质特征[16]
Table 2. Main types of germanium deposits and geological characteristics of mineralization in China[16]
矿床成因 矿床特征 赋矿地层 岩体 成矿时代 典型矿床 煤层型 产于煤系沉积物中的锗矿 中新统帮卖组 - 新近纪 云南临沧大寨/
韭菜坝煤锗矿下白垩统营城子组 - 早白垩世 吉林营城煤锗矿 下白垩统白彦花组 - 内蒙古胜利煤田乌兰图嘎煤锗矿 下白垩统大磨拐河组 - 伊敏煤田五牧场煤锗矿 碳酸盐岩容矿型 回收工艺较为成熟且数量最多的锗矿 下石碳统摆佐组 - 晚三叠世 会泽铅锌矿 - - - 富乐、毛坪、茂租铅锌矿 岩浆
热液型含斑岩型、矽卡岩型和浅成低温热液型等与岩浆热液活动有关的富锗矿 中泥盆统东岗岭组 燕山三期
花岗岩晚侏罗世 南岭成矿带的英德铅锌矿 下志留统大岗顶组 早白垩世
白云母花岗岩早白垩世 钦杭成矿带南段油麻坡
钨钼矿中石炭统黄龙组 早白垩世
花岗闪长斑岩早白垩世 九瑞矿集区东侧城门山
铜硫铁矿火山岩型 含海相与陆相两种火山岩型富锗矿 下泥盆统阿尔波什麦
布拉克组- 早泥盆世 新疆托克逊彩花沟
钨铜硫铁矿寒武系二朗坪群
刘山岩岩组- 寒武纪 桐柏刘山岩（大河）
铜锌矿、- - - 滥泥坪铜矿 沉积型 磷或铝土矿 下石炭统九架炉组 - 中晚石炭世 贵州修文小山坝铝土矿 大水井铅锌磷矿
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表 3 中国锗资源主要成矿区（带）[16]
Table 3. Main metallogenic regions (zones) of germanium resources in China[16]
成锗（区）带名称 编码 成因类型 成矿时代 典型矿床 海拉尔盆地 Ge1 煤层型 早白垩世 伊敏煤田五牧场煤锗矿 二连盆地 Ge2 胜利煤田乌兰图嘎煤锗矿 松辽盆地 Ge3 营城煤锗矿 鄂尔多斯西缘 Ge4 - 乌兰代塔铅锌矿 巴伦台 Ge5 火山岩型 早泥盆世 托克逊彩花沟钨铜硫铁矿 秦岭-大别-兴海 Ge6 岩浆热液型 晚三叠世 铜峪沟多金属矿 上扬子东部 Ge7 碳酸盐岩容矿型 寒武纪（？） 楠木树锌矿 北秦岭 Ge8 岩浆热液型 晚三叠世 刘山岩 长江中下游 Ge9 火山岩型、岩浆热液型 晚侏罗-早白垩世
侏罗纪（？）城门山、南山头、东山头 南岭中段北 Ge10 碳酸盐岩容矿型 晚侏罗世 茶陵陇上 小山坝 Ge11 沉积型 石炭纪 小山坝铝土矿 川滇黔 Ge12 碳酸盐岩容矿型、火山岩型 晚三叠世—早侏罗世 会泽铅锌矿 环江 Ge13 碳酸盐岩容矿型 - 广西环江北山 南岭中段-云开 Ge14 碳酸盐岩容矿型、岩浆热液型 早白垩世 广东仁化凡口铅锌矿 临沧盆地 Ge15 煤层型 始新世 临沧煤锗矿
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表 4 世界主要国家金属锗年产量（2004—2023年）[21]
Table 4. Annual production of germanium metal in major world countries (2004-2023)
名称 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 美国 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 3 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - 中国 - - - - 100 80 80 80 90 110 120 120 110 88 75 85 86 95 - 俄罗斯 - - - - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 - 其他 82.6 85.5 85.5 95 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 41 40 35 40 40 40 - 全球 87 90 90 99.6 139.6 119.6 118 118 128 155* 165* 165* 155* 134* 120* 130* 130* 140* - 注：数据来自美国地质调查局（USGS）2005-2023年发布的《Mineral Commodity Summaries》；其中“－”表示无数据；“*”表示除美国外全球金属锗总产量。
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表 5 2015—2023年中国锗产品进口情况[22]
Table 5. China's germanium production, export and import situation from 2015 to 2023
年份 28 256 000 81 129 210 81 129 910 锗的氧化物及二氧化锆 未经段轧的锗、锗废料、锗粉末 锻轧的锗及其制品 进口量/kg 进口金额/美元 进口量/kg 进口金额/美元 进口量/kg 进口金额/美元 2015年 1 210 897 21 338 461 3 625 4 139 475 1 093 4 123 005 2016年 1 435 905 24 087 729 2 721 2 525 284 577 4 062 953 2017年 2 434 408 21 732 721 1 304 888 426 2 370 5 179 021 2018年 1 368 653 24 802 365 7 342 7 238 822 1 133 3 563 339 2019年 706 353 16 220 493 4 988 2 881 259 897 1 938 307 2020年 700 441 20 000 001 25 294 14 628 187 1 371 1 863 843 2021年 660 723 18 244 466 8 941 6 927 352 211 1 289 223 2022年 770 428 16 475 592 8 091 8 985 510 893 1 443 891 2023年1—7月 190 152 2 662 142 8 798 9 605 740 988 2 115 368
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表 6 2015—2023年中国锗产品出口情况[22]
Table 6. China's germanium production and export situation from 2015 to 2023
名称 28 256 000 81 129 210 81 129 910 锗的氧化物及二氧化锆 未经段轧的锗、锗废料、锗粉末 锻轧的锗及其制品 出口量/kg 出口金额/美元 出口量/kg 出口金额/美元 出口量/kg 出口金额/美元 2015年 14 382 805 76 464 084 51 78 410 10 819 16 722 216 2016年 13 437 709 61 573 779 47 47 292 16 028 15 520 119 2017年 14 416 711 82 681 581 0 774 21 120 21 782 855 2018年 16 202 246 123 073 750 16 57 929 20 321 27 053 102 2019年 15 868 936 113 948 458 31 70 410 22 844 23 930 595 2020年 17 629 829 108 649 486 16 31 797 28 974 26 234 049 2021年 21 914 118 142 237 222 112 117 656 42 218 46 685 214 2022年 19 271 639 169 151 193 1 012 1 218 668 42 665 52 721 504 2023年1—7月 9 655 061 81 555 411 171 264 566 36 450 41 404 807
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