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土壤重金属污染现状及检测分析技术研究进展

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余涛, 蒋天宇, 刘旭, 马旭东, 杨忠芳, 侯青叶, 夏学齐, 李凤嫣. 2021. 土壤重金属污染现状及检测分析技术研究进展[J]. 中国地质, 48(2): 460-476. doi: 10.12029/gc20210208
引用本文: 余涛, 蒋天宇, 刘旭, 马旭东, 杨忠芳, 侯青叶, 夏学齐, 李凤嫣. 2021. 土壤重金属污染现状及检测分析技术研究进展[J]. 中国地质, 48(2): 460-476. doi: 10.12029/gc20210208
shu
YU Tao, JIANG Tianyu, LIU Xu, MA Xudong, YANG Zhongfang, HOU Qingye, XIA Xueqi, LI Fengyan. 2021. Research progress in current status of soil heavy metal pollution and analysis technology[J]. Geology in China, 48(2): 460-476. doi: 10.12029/gc20210208
Citation: YU Tao, JIANG Tianyu, LIU Xu, MA Xudong, YANG Zhongfang, HOU Qingye, XIA Xueqi, LI Fengyan. 2021. Research progress in current status of soil heavy metal pollution and analysis technology[J]. Geology in China, 48(2): 460-476. doi: 10.12029/gc20210208
shu

土壤重金属污染现状及检测分析技术研究进展

  • 1.

    中国地质大学(北京)数理学院, 北京, 100083

  • 2.

    自然资源部生态地球化学重点实验室, 北京 100037

  • 3.

    中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083

  • 基金项目:
    中国地质大学（北京）地质调查基金、中国地质调查局项目（DD20190524-06）资助
详细信息
    作者简介: 余涛, 男, 1979年生, 硕士生导师, 副研究员, 主要从事生态地球化学的教学与科研工作; E-mail: yutao@cugb.edu.cn
    通讯作者: 杨忠芳, 女, 1961年生, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事生态地球化学的教学与科研工作; E-mail: yangzf@cugb.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: X53;X833

Research progress in current status of soil heavy metal pollution and analysis technology

  • 1.

    School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

  • 2.

    Key Laboratory of Ecogeochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100037, China

  • 3.

    School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

  • Fund Project: Supported by the geological survey achievement conversion foundation of China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and the Program of China Geological Survey (No. DD20190524-06)
More Information
    Author Bio: YU Tao, male, born in 1979, associate professor, mainly engaged in ecogeochemistry teaching and research; E-mail: yutao@cugb.edu.cn .
    Corresponding author: YANG Zhongfang, female, born in 1961, PhD supervisor, mainly engaged in ecogeochemistry teaching and research; E-mail: yangzf@cugb.edu.cn

    摘要

  • 土壤重金属污染是中国当前最突出的环境污染问题。污染调查公报显示全国土壤重金属总超标率为16.1%，其中镉的点位超标率为7%，对粮食安全产生威胁。本文介绍了中国土壤重金属污染的现状，梳理了土壤重金属污染检测分析的传统和新兴方法技术，包括重金属全量、化学形态和生物可利用态含量等。同时阐述了土壤重金属污染检测分析技术发展趋势，如分子水平上的重金属元素检测和生物传感技术应用于重金属元素检测。考虑到土壤系统的复杂性，未来发展的重点应实现地学、化学和生物学的交叉，加强重金属生物有效性的理论研究，形成土壤重金属污染的生物有效度分析检测指标体系，使评价方法科学化、标准化、统一化。进一步推动我国的有关分析测试技术标准与国际标准接轨。

    Soil heavy metal pollution is currently the most prominent soil environmental pollution problem in China. The total national soil pollution exceedance rate is 16.1%, mainly heavy metal pollution, including cadmium point exceedance rate of 7%, which is threatening on the food security. We introduced the status of soil heavy metal pollution, sorted the traditional and emerging methods and technologies of soil heavy metal pollution detection and analysis, and described the technical trends such as the detection of heavy metals at the molecular level and the application of biosensing technology to the detection of heavy metals. Considering the complexity of the soil system, the focus of future development should be to achieve the intersection of geoscience, chemistry, and biology, strengthen the theoretical research on the bioavailability of heavy metals, form a biological effectiveness analysis and detection indicators for soil heavy metals pollution, and make the evaluation method scientific, standardized, and unified. Make further efforts to promote integration of national heavy metals analysis standards with international standards.

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  • 图 1  重金属元素Cd形态分析七步顺序提取法示意图

    Figure 1. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 2  不同顺序提取法（SPEs）的优缺点

    Figure 2. 

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    图 3  薄膜扩散梯度技术示意图（据李财等, 2018）

    Figure 3. 

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    图 4  土壤、植物中Cd含量相关关系（据Dai et al., 2017）

    Figure 4. 

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    图 5  岩溶地质高背景地区土壤Cd的可提取率（a）和生物富集系数（b）与非高背景地区的对比(据Wen et al., 2020)

    Figure 5. 

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    图 6  岩溶地质高背景地区土壤Cd的生物富集系数和可提取率的相关关系(据Wen et al., 2020)

    Figure 6. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 7  不同提取方法对比(数据来源于Ma et al., 2020)

    Figure 7. 

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    图 8  XAFS在重金属赋存形态上的应用（修改自Gankhurel et al., 2020）

    Figure 8. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 9  稻米籽实中不同部位（A为纵向，B为横向）元素含量分布图（据Meng et al., 2014）

    Figure 9. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    表 1  土壤环境质量标准中的重金属元素检测方法

    Table 1.  Detection methods of heavy metal elements in the national soil environmental quality standard

    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  全国地球化学基准网分析指标及分析方法中的重金属元素检测方法

    Table 2.  Methods used for analysis of heavy metals in the China Geochemical Baselines Project

    下载: 导出CSV
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