Characteristics and thematic geological mapping of mélanges
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摘要:
混杂岩是造山带内最常见的地质体和最基本的大地构造相单元，是由多种地质作用共同形成的可作为一定比例尺（1：25000或更大）的地质填图单元，并由块体和基质共同构成的内部无序的岩石混杂体。混杂岩的形成和就位构造环境不一致，并非所有混杂岩都具有古板块构造格局指示意义。蛇绿混杂岩和增生杂岩可作为古洋盆和汇聚板块边界的直接判别标志，其结构、组成与时空配置共同记录了古大洋板块地层系统发展及大陆地壳侧向与垂向增生历史。以大洋板块地层、海山理想层序和蛇绿岩"彭罗斯"层序模型为指导，专题地质填图是揭示造山带蛇绿混杂岩和增生杂岩结构、组成及其时空配置关系与形成机制的有效手段。这可为洋-陆转换研究及提高造山带结构深化认知程度提供直接证据，同时指导混杂岩相关矿床勘探与找矿预测。
Abstract:Mélange is the commonest geological body and the most fundamental tectonic facies of the orogenic belt around the world. It represents a mappable (1:25000 or more) geological unit formed by multiple geological processes and consists of blocks and matrix showing high stratigraphic disruption and a chaotic internal structure. The formation environment of mélanges is unequal to their emplacement environment, and hence not all of the mélanges were formed around the plate boundary reflecting plate tectonics. Ophiolitic mélanges and accretionary complexes can be used as the direct discriminating marks of ancient oceanic basin and convergent plate boundaries, and their texture and composition as well as spatial and temporal relationship have coevally recorded the development of oceanic plate stratigraphy and the lateral and vertical growth of the continental crust. On the basis of an ideal model of oceanic plate stratigraphy (including seamount) and Penronse ophiolite sequence, thematic geological mapping is the most effective way to clarify the texture and composition, spatial and temporal relationship, and formation mechanism of mélanges. The data obtained can provide direct evidence for reconstructing ocean-continental framework and improving our knowledge on the texture of orogenic belts, and can also guide mineral deposit exploration and ore prospecting plan.
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Key words:
- orogenic belt /
- mélange /
- ophiolitic mélange /
- subductionary complex /
- thematic geological mapping
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表 1 增生杂岩中不同构造背景玄武岩及岛弧玄武岩主要岩石组合、岩石学、地球化学特征
Table 1. Major features of rock assemblage, petrology, and geochemistry of basalts hosted by accretionary complex and island arc
火山系列 增生杂岩岩石组合 岩石学特征 主要矿物 斑晶结晶顺序 地球化学特征 构造背景 碱性 熔岩流和枕状玄武岩、岩席；碳酸盐岩盖层、碳酸盐岩角砾，火山成因碳酸盐岩，表生碎屑、硅质页岩、硅质岩 橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石斑晶 Ti-辉石，Ti-角闪石（钛闪石），Ti-黑云母，霓辉石，斜方辉石 橄榄石→单斜辉石(Ti-辉石)→斜长石 高Ti、Nb、P和LREE；Zr/Nb＜10；Al2O3/TiO2＜8；Nb/Lapm＞1 洋岛，海山，洋底高原 拉斑 枕状熔岩和岩墙、岩席；硅质岩及少量硅质页岩 隐晶质，橄榄石和斜长石斑晶 透辉石-普通辉石，易变辉石 橄榄石→斜长石→(单斜辉石) 中Ti和LREE；低Nb；Al2O3/TiO2=8-17；Nb/Lapm≤1 洋中脊，大洋高原，洋内岛弧，弧后盆地 钙碱性 熔岩流和火山碎屑岩；陆棚沉积；陆源碎屑岩，碳酸盐岩 橄榄石, 单斜辉石和斜长石斑晶 低Ti-Al单斜辉石，斜方辉石 橄榄石→单斜辉石→斜长石 TiO2＜1（Al2O3/TiO2＞17），Th/Nbpm＞2；Zr/ Nb＞25；Nb/Lapm＜0.5 大陆边缘弧；岛弧 
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