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摘要:
阿根廷金矿资源丰富，西部是安第斯金成矿带的重要组成部分，勘查开发和利用程度较低，具有较大的找矿和开发潜力。根据区域构造演化和金矿成矿规律，梳理了阿根廷金成矿地质背景，厘定了金成矿作用与构造-岩浆事件的关系。将阿根廷金成矿时代划分为4个集中时期，阐述了各成矿期的主要金矿床类型，分析了其空间分布规律，划分出5个成矿带和15个矿集区，总结了各矿集区的主控矿因素，为进一步确定阿根廷金矿资源潜力和找矿方向奠定了基础。
Abstract:Argentina has rich gold resources which constitute the important part of the Andean gold metallogenic belt. However, the level of exploration and utilization of gold is low, and hence the exploration and development have great potential. Based on the history of regional tectonic evolution, the authors have reviewed the geological background of gold mineralization and investigated the relationship between the gold mineralization and tectono-magmatic events. According to methods mentioned above, the gold mineralization epochs, during which the main deposit types were formed, are divided into 4 concentrated periods. The spatial distribution of Argentina's gold deposits was summarized and divided into 5 gold metallogenic belts and 15 gold districts based on the summarizing of the main ore-controlling factors with the purpose of laying a solid foundation for discussing the gold resource potential and prospecting direction in Argentina.
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Key words:
- gold deposit /
- spatial-temporal distribution /
- metallogenic regularity /
- Argentina
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表 1 阿根廷金矿带主要矿床成矿时代
Table 1. Metallogenic epochs of main gold deposits in various gold belts, Argentina
金矿带 金矿集区 典型矿床 成矿期 成矿时代 成矿年龄/Ma 文献来源 编号 名称 编号 名称 Ⅰ 北部造山型金矿带 1 Rinconada EI Torno 法玛蒂娜 志留纪 430 [13] Minas Azules 430 2 Antofalla Incahuasi 泥盆纪 415±3.7 [1] Ⅱ 北部斑岩型、浅成低温热液型金矿带 3 TacaTaca TacaTaca Bajo 安第斯 古近纪 23.89±0.20 [1] Taca Taca Alto [1] 4 Farallon Negro Bajo de la Alumbrera 新近纪 7.12±0.13 [14] Farallon Negro-Alto de la Blenda 6.55±0.14 [1] Agua Rica 6.29±0.06 Ⅲ 西北部浅成低温热液型金矿带 5 Casposo-Castano -San Jorge San Jorge 冈瓦纳 二叠纪 263±6 [1] Casposo 三叠纪 6 El Indio-Pascua Pascua-Lama 安第斯 新近纪 Veladero 10.09±0.08~13.12±0.18 [15] 7 Nevados del Famatina La Mejicana 5±0.3~3.8±0.2 [3] Ⅳ 中部造山型金矿带 8 Sierras Pampeanas Ⅰ Cerro Blanco 法玛蒂娜 二叠纪 259±13 [1] 9 Sierras Pampeanas Ⅱ Callana VI 泥盆纪 390 10 Sierras Pampeanas Ⅲ Puigari-Monserrat 泥盆纪 376~378 Ⅴ 巴塔哥尼亚浅成低温热液型金矿带 11 Deseado Massif Manantial Espejo 巴塔哥尼亚 白垩纪 124.8±3~142.6±3.5 [1] 12 Cerro Vanguardia Cerro Vanguardia 侏罗纪-白垩纪 138.5±3.3~152.4±3.6 13 El Dorado-Monserrat El Dorado-Monserrat 侏罗纪 172(?) 14 Cerro Negro Cerro Negro 侏罗纪 172(?) 15 Chubut Esquel 侏罗纪 161±4 [16] 
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表 2 阿根廷各成矿期主要金矿床储量/资源量
Table 2. The reserves/ resources of main gold deposits of various metallogenic periods, Argentina
成矿期 储量/资源量/t 成矿时代 储量/资源量/t 安第斯 1691.29 上新世 73.69 中新世 1239.43 渐新世 280 古近纪一新近纪 98.17 巴塔哥尼亚 367.39 侏罗纪 367.39 冈瓦纳 44.47 二叠纪-三叠纪 44.47 法玛蒂娜 151.12 151.12 合计 2254.27 2254.27
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表 3 阿根廷各金矿带典型矿床地质特征
Table 3. Geological characteristics of typical gold deposits of various gold belts, Argentina
金矿带 大地构造位置 成矿期 典型矿床 矿石矿物 脉石矿物 蚀变 矿体 围岩 矿区构造 矿床类型 成矿环境 成矿时代 编号 名称 Ⅰ 北部造山型金矿带 潘比业 法玛蒂娜 EITorno 自然金、自然银、黄铁矿、毒砂 石英、绢云母 绢云母化、粘土化、黄铁矿化和碳酸岩化 脉状 奥陶系砂岩、细屑岩、板岩 背斜和向斜 浊积岩中的脉型金矿 盆地边缘浊流沉积 志留纪 Ⅱ 北部斑岩型、浅成低温热液型金矿带 潘比亚 安第斯 Taca Taca Bajo 黄铜矿、自然金、铜蓝 石英 钾长石化、绢英岩化、硅化、粘土化 浸染、网脉状 石英斑岩、花岗岩 NW向断裂 斑岩型铜金矿 区域深大断裂 渐新世 FarallonNegro-Alto de laBlenda 闪锌矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、自然金 石英、方解石等 硅土化、青磐岩化 脉状 安山岩、二长岩 NW向区域断裂 浅成低温热液型金矿 岩浆弧 中新世 Bajo de la Alumbrera 黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金、方铅矿、辉铜矿、蓝辉铜矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿 石英、石膏、硬石膏 钾长石化、绢云母化、青磐岩化 浸染状 英安斑岩、安山岩、二长岩 断裂 斑岩型铜金矿 岩浆弧 中新世 Agua Rica 黄铁矿、自然金、黄铜矿 石英 钾长石化、青磐岩化、粘土化 浸染、网脉状 斑岩'安山岩 N-NW向断裂 斑岩型铜金矿 造山带岩浆弧 中新世 Ⅲ 西北部浅成低温热型金矿带 智利尼亚、库亚尼亚、潘比亚 安第斯、冈瓦纳 San Jorge 自然金、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、斑铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、铜蓝 钾化、粘土化、青磐岩化 浸染状 安山岩、斑岩 斑岩型铜金矿 岩浆弧 二叠纪 Casposo 石英 硅化、绢云母化、青磐岩化 脉状 安山岩、流纹岩 低硫浅成低温热液型金矿 岩浆弧 三叠纪 Veladero 黄铁矿、黄铜矿 石英、明矾石 硅化、粘土化 脉状 英安岩、流纹岩 SW向、SN向、NE向断裂 高硫浅成低温热液型金矿 岩浆弧 中新世 La Mejicana 黝铜矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、斑铜矿、自然金、自然银、白铁矿 石英 脉状 F.Negro Peinado变质岩 高硫浅成低温热液型金矿 岩浆弧 上新世 Ⅳ 中部造山型 潘比亚、拉普拉达 法玛蒂娜 Cerro Blanco 方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、褐铁矿 石英 脉状 片岩、流纹岩 造山型金矿 剪切带 二叠纪 Callana Ⅳ 自然金、孔雀石、蓝铜矿 石英 板状 花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩、闪长岩 NW SE剪切带 造山型金矿 剪切带 中泥盆世 Puigari-Monserrat 黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、毒砂、赤铁矿、针铁矿 石英 绢云母化、青磐岩化 脉状 片麻岩、花岗岩 造山型金矿 剪切带 泥盆纪 Ⅴ 巴塔哥尼亚浅成低温热液型金矿带 巴塔哥尼亚 巴塔哥尼亚 Manantial Espejo 自然金、金银矿、自然银、黄铁矿、毒砂、方铅矿、闪锌矿、褐铁矿 石英、卫髓、冰长石、高岭土、方解石 硅化、绢云母化、高岭土化、绿泥石化 脉状、网脉状 碎屑岩、安山岩 低硫浅成低温热液型金矿 区域岩浆岩 晚侏罗世 Cerro Vanguardia 自然金、金银矿、自然银、辉银矿、黄铁矿、毒砂、方铅矿、闪锌矿 石英、冰长石1、重晶石1、方解石、菱铁矿 硅化、粘土化 脉状、网脉状 火山碎屑岩、流纹岩 断裂和次级断裂 低硫浅成低温热液型金矿 区域岩浆岩 晚侏罗世一曱-白垩世 El Dorado-Monserrat 银金矿(？）、黄铁矿、磁铁矿 石英、重晶石、冰长石 硅化、粘土化、青磐岩化、绢云母化 脉状 安山岩 NE10°断裂 低硫浅成低温热液型金矿 区域岩浆岩 侏罗纪 Cerro Negro 石英 高岭土化 脉状、网状状 灰岩、流纹岩 断裂 低硫浅成低温热液型金矿 区域岩浆岩 侏罗纪 Esquel 自然金、金银矿、黝铜矿、黄铁矿 石英 硅化、伊利石化、蒙脱石化、绿泥石化 脉状、网状状 安山岩、流纹岩 断裂 低硫浅成低温热液型金矿 区域岩浆岩 侏罗纪
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