Characteristics of debris flow source evolution in Tianmo Gully, Tibet
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摘要:
天摩沟是西藏东南部典型的泥石流沟，分别于2007年、2010年和2018年暴发泥石流灾害，对当地居民和川藏公路造成多次危害。通过多期次遥感解译、现场调查、现场观测等手段确定历次泥石流事件前后物源分布和类型，运用GIS统计和剖面测绘，对比不同时期该泥石流沟物源面积平面和剖面上的变化，研究该沟物源的动态演变。天摩沟泥石流物源类型主要为冰碛型物源、崩滑型物源和侵蚀型物源。平面上，冰碛型物源面积最大，崩滑型物源最集中，侵蚀型物源延伸距离最远。剖面上，主沟道13°~23°物源变化最活跃，其中17°~23°为泥石流侵蚀型物源启动部位，13°~17°为泥石流侵蚀最剧烈部位。天摩沟物源动态演变特征为逐年雪崩堆积物的"汇聚快融"效应，以及该效应引发的沟道底部和两侧松散物质的失稳。具体表现为海洋性冰川前缘雪崩活跃，每年10月至次年6月雪崩堆积物在主沟内堆积并向下游延伸，最远可达1800 m；7—9月雪崩堆积物快速消融，释放出裹挟在雪崩堆积物中的松散物质，加速泥石流物源汇聚，并使沟道内径流量急剧增大，径流激增侵蚀主沟两侧老冰碛物，使其转化为泥石流物源。研究天摩沟泥石流的物源演变特征，可揭示帕隆藏布流域泥石流近期频发原因，为该区域泥石流预警和防灾减灾工作提供参考。
Abstract:The Tianmo Gully debris flow in southeastern Tibet is a typical one, which broke out frequently in 2007, 2010 and 2018, causing harm to local residents and the Sichuan-Tibet highway for many times. The source materials distribution and types before and after debris flow events were drawn by means of multi-stage remote sensing interpretation, field investigation and field observation. GIS statistics and profile mapping were used to compare the changes of debris flow source materials area in plane and profile in different periods in the gully for the study of the dynamic evolution of the source materials. The source materials types of debris flow in Tianmo Gully are mainly moraine type, collapse type and erosion type. On the plane, moraine type source materials has the largest area, collapse type source materials is the most concentrated, and erosion type source materials extend the longest distance. On the profile, the source materials of the main channel varies most actively from 13° to 23°, among which, 17° to 23° is the starting site of debris flow erosion type, and 13° to 17° is the most intense site of debris flow erosion. The dynamic evolution of the source materials in Tianmo Gully is characterized by the "convergence and rapid melting" effect of avalanche accumulations year by year, and the instability of loose materials at the bottom and both sides of the channel. The avalanche accumulates in the main gully and extends downstream 1800 m from October to June of the next year. From July to September, the avalanche deposits are rapidly melted, releasing a large number of loose materials bound in the avalanche deposits and making the runoff in the gully increase sharply. The surge of runoff erodes the old moraines on both sides of the main ditch and converts them into debris flow sources. Research on the provenance evolution characteristics of debris flow in Tianmo Gully can reveal the reasons for the frequent occurrence of debris flow in Palongzangpo Basin, and provide reference for the early warning and disaster prevention and mitigation of debris flow in this region.
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Key words:
- debris flow /
- avalanche /
- source materials /
- evolution characteristic
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表 1 天摩沟泥石流历次灾害事件
Table 1. Statistics of previous disaster events of Tianmo Gully
时间 一次性冲出方量/m3 造成危害 2007年9月4日 76.0×104 1人死亡，7人失踪，9人受伤，2户民房被毁，冲毁农田2 hm2 2010年7月25—31日 21.0×104 堵塞帕隆藏布15 min，450 m国道和76 m比通桥被毁 2010年9月5—8日 45×104 国道318断道16 d，直接经济损失1970万元 2018年7月 18.7×104[32] 淤埋国道318近220 m 
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表 2 天摩沟泥石流物源概况
Table 2. Overview of debris flow sources in Tianmo Gully
编号 2006年物源面积/m2 2016年物源面积/m2 BH01 6922 10306 BH02 11968 16150 BH03 8161 10925 BH04 5645 9589 BH05 147273 145492 BH06 104333 105089 BH07 34919 28231 BH08 43402 33541 BH09 107796 107955 BH10 13770 41714 BH11 4991 5147 BH12 27979 60903 GD01 46901 51703 BQ01 22506 22634 BQ02 107457 112427 BQ03 118073 119632 BQ04 333004 287305 合计 1145099 1168743
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