Establishment and application of evaluation system for development and utilization of selenium−rich land: A case study in Lintong District, Xi'an
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摘要:
研究目的 人体日常摄入的硒主要通过食物链源于土壤，而中国是富硒土地资源相对匮乏的国家，面对有限且珍贵的富硒土地资源，亟需构建科学合理的富硒土地开发利用评价体系，为特色土地资源的高效开发提供依据。
研究方法 本文以陕西关中地区为研究区，在土地质量地球化学调查成果基础上，融合反映农用地自然条件、基础设施水平的评价指标，构建了涵盖立地条件、土壤硒含量、理化性质、土壤质量和土地管理等5大类12项指标的关中地区富硒土地开发利用评价体系。同时以西安市临潼区为例，开展了临潼区富硒土地开发利用适宜性评价。
研究结果 将临潼区土地划分为高度适宜区、适宜区、较不适宜区、不适宜区和极不适宜区共5个等级，其中高度适宜开发区及适宜区开发面积共248.35 km2，主要分布在临潼区北部的新市乡、栎阳镇、徐杨乡、相桥镇及中东部的何寨镇。基于不同适宜评价区内小麦硒含量及富硒比例，发现其富硒土地适宜性与小麦富硒程度高度耦合。
结论 说明构建的富硒土地开发利用评价体系对富硒土地资源的开发利用具有较好的科学指导价值及重要的示范意义。
Abstract:This paper is the result of agricultural geological survey engineering.
Objective Selenium (Se) intake in the human body primarily originates from the food chain, mostly derived from soil. The research aims to establish a scientific and rational evaluation system for the development and utilization of selenium−rich land due to the limited and valuable selenium−enriched soil resources in China.
Methods This study focuses on the Guanzhong region, particularly Lintong District, integrating geophysical survey findings with assessment criteria reflecting agricultural land's natural conditions and infrastructure levels. The developed evaluation system encompasses five major categories and twelve indicators, including site conditions, soil selenium content, physicochemical properties, soil quality, and land management. Moreover, suitability assessment for selenium-rich land development and utilization was conducted in Lintong District as a case study.
Results The land in Lintong District was categorized into five levels: highly suitable, suitable, moderately unsuitable, unsuitable, and highly unsuitable. The highly suitable and suitable development areas covered 248.35 km2, mainly distributed in the northern areas of Lintong District, as Xinshi Town, Liyang Town, Xuyang Town, Xiangqiao Town, and the central-eastern parts of Hezhai Town. Analysis of wheat Se content and Se enrichment ratios within different suitability evaluation zones revealed a strong correlation between the suitability of selenium-rich land and the degree of selenium enrichment in wheat.
Conclusions The developed evaluation system demonstrates significant scientific guidance and exemplary significance for the utilization of selenium−rich land resources. It underscores the need for a systematic approach to efficiently develop and utilize these resources, emphasizing the critical link between soil suitability and the selenium enrichment of agricultural produce.
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表 1 研究区富硒土地开发利用评价层次模型
Table 1. Hierarchical model of evaluating the development and utilization of Selenium−rich land in the study area
目标层（A） 准则层（B） 指标层（C） 关中地区富硒土地
开发利用评价体系立地条件 地块大小 盐渍化程度 土壤类型 地形坡度 土壤硒含量 土壤全硒含量 土壤理化性质 土壤质地 有机质 pH值 土壤质量 土壤养分（氮、磷、钾） 土壤环境（镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌） 土地管理 排水条件 灌溉保证率 
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表 2 准则层对目标层的比较判断矩阵A及权重向量
Table 2. Comparison matrix A and weight vector of the criterion layer to the target layer
A 立地条件 理化性质 土壤质量 土壤硒含量 土地管理 权重向量 立地条件 1 1/5 1/3 1/7 2 0.0586 理化性质 5 1 2 1/3 7 0.2419 土壤质量 3 1/2 1 1/5 5 0.1406 土壤硒含量 7 3 5 1 9 0.5227 土地管理 1/2 1/7 1/5 1/9 1 0.0362
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表 3 立地条件指标对准则层的比较判断矩阵B1及权重向量
Table 3. Comparison matrix B1 and weight vector of the site condition index to the criterion layer
B 地块大小 盐渍化程度 土壤类型 地形坡度 权重向量 地块大小 1 3 1/3 5 0.2622 盐渍化程度 1/3 1 1/5 3 0.1175 土壤类型 3 5 1 7 0.5650 地形坡度 1/5 1/3 1/7 1 0.0553
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表 4 富硒土地开发利用评价指标权重表
Table 4. Evaluation index weight of Selenium−rich land development and utilization
项目 立地条件 理化性质 土壤质量 土壤硒含量 土地管理 组合权重 0.0585 0.2419 0.1406 0.5227 0.0362 地块大小 0.2622 0.0154 盐渍化程度 0.1175 0.0069 土壤类型 0.5650 0.0331 地形坡度 0.0553 0.0032 土壤质地 0.1047 0.0253 有机质 0.2583 0.0625 pH值 0.6370 0.1541 土壤养分 0.5000 0.0703 土壤环境 0.5000 0.0703 土壤硒含量 1.0000 0.5227 排水条件 0.1667 0.0060 灌溉保证率 0.8333 0.0302
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表 5 各评价指标隶属度函数界限值
Table 5. Threshold values of membership functions of all evaluation indexes
指标 函数类型 界限值 指标 函数类型 界限值 地块大小 戒上型 U=12385.6
L=1518.0土壤环境—锌 戒下型 U=79.0
L=66.8土壤硒含量 戒上型 U=0.22
L=0.13土壤环境—铜 戒下型 U=28.95
L=23.94有机质 戒上型 U=1.76
L=1.19土壤环境—镍 戒下型 U=35.60
L=30.12土壤养分—氮 戒上型 U=1024
L=740土壤环境—砷 戒下型 U=14.40
L=12.30土壤养分—磷 戒上型 U=1058
L=733土壤环境—镉 戒下型 U=208
L=160土壤养分—钾 戒上型 U=2.17
L=1.94土壤环境—铬 戒下型 U=77.9
L=70.6pH值 峰值型 L=6.5; O1=7.5
O2=8.5; U=9.0土壤环境—汞 戒下型 U=74.00
L=27.73地形坡度 戒下型 U=25
L=2土壤环境—铅 戒下型 U=27.1
L=22.4注：地块大小单位为m2；有机质、钾单位为%；pH值无量纲；地形坡度单位为°；镉、汞单位为μg/kg；其他指标单位为mg/kg。
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表 6 各评价指标分级、得分
Table 6. Grading and score of all evaluation indexes
指标名称 分级标准 等级 得分 盐渍化程度 无盐渍化 1级 1 轻度盐渍化 2级 0.7 中度盐渍化 3级 0.4 重度盐渍化 4级 0.1 表层土壤
质地壤土 1级 1 黏土 2级 0.7 砂土 3级 0.4 砾质土 4级 0.1 排水条件 排水体系健全 1级 1 排水体系基本健全 2级 0.9 排水体系一般 3级 0.7 无排水体系 4级 0.5 灌溉保证率 充分满足 1级 1 基本满足 2级 0.8 一般满足 3级 0.5 无灌溉条件 4级 0.1 土壤类型 褐土 1级 1 新积土、潮土、水稻土 2级 0.7 黄绵土、黑垆土、风沙土、沼泽土、棕壤 3级 0.4 粗骨土、红土、石质土 4级 0.1
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表 7 关中地区富硒土地开发利用综合指数等级
Table 7. Comprehensive index grades of Selenium−rich land development and utilization in Guanzhong Region
综合指数 > 0.77 0.68~0.77 0.51~0.68 0.37~0.51 ≤ 0.37 等级 一等 二等 三等 四等 五等 含义 高度适宜 适宜 较不适宜 不适宜 极不适宜 颜色 R∶G∶B 0∶176∶80 146∶208∶80 255∶255∶0 255∶192∶0 255∶0∶0
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表 8 临潼区富硒土地开发利用适宜性评价统计
Table 8. Statistics of suitability evaluation of Selenium−rich land development and utilization in Lintong district
等级 开发利用适宜性 综合指数 地块数/个 面积/km2 地块平均
面积/km2土壤硒平均值/
(mg/kg)地形坡度＜2°
地块占比/%有灌溉条件
地块占比/%一级 高度适宜 > 0.77 2866 112.08 0.039 0.27 98.26 93.58 二级 适宜 0.68~0.77 4464 136.27 0.031 0.25 94.62 90.59 三级 较不适宜 0.50~0.68 5651 134.71 0.024 0.19 77.10 74.50 四级 不适宜 0.37~0.50 5270 118.79 0.023 0.16 48.99 39.28 五级 极不适宜 ≤ 0.37 3299 63.18 0.019 0.15 25.40 18.70
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表 9 临潼区不同适宜性评价区的小麦硒含量特征值及富硒比例统计
Table 9. Statistics of Selenium content eigenvalue and Selenium enrichment ratio of wheat in areas with different suitability evaluations of Lintong district
评价等级 小麦样品数/件 最小值/(mg/kg) 最大值/(mg/kg) 平均值/(mg/kg) 标准差 变异系数 DB 61/T 556–2018 富硒范围/(mg/kg) 富硒比例/% 高度适宜 55 0.031 0.528 0.162 0.110 0.678 ≥ 0.05 94.55 适宜 69 0.034 1.395 0.313 0.313 0.998 85.51 较不适宜 7 0.026 0.265 0.108 0.089 0.831 42.86 不适宜 1 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.000 0.000 0.00 极不适宜 0 － － － － － －
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