A study on poverty caused by rocky desertification in karst areas of China
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摘要:
岩溶地区是实施乡村振兴战略的坚中之坚，是极易出现返贫的地区之一，有必要梳理总结岩溶地区消除石漠化贫困的历程、成果和存在的问题，巩固脱贫攻坚成果，夯实乡村振兴的理论基础。本研究以岩溶地区实施重大生态工程的时间节点为主线，参考各阶段前人取得的阶段性和标志性成果，系统梳理了石漠化贫困的相关概念和研究历程；然后对各阶段的研究热点进行整理，归纳总结了石漠化与农村贫困的关系、石漠化致贫机制、消除石漠化贫困的策略、防治工程减贫效益评价等4个方面的前人研究成果。研究表明：石漠化贫困与石漠化区贫困的界限不清，是造成石漠化防治工程和精准扶贫衔接脱节的原因之一，应突出石漠化区生态脆弱的特性，将生态建设有机融入巩固脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接之中，实现生态、资源、人口和经济各要素的耦合协调发展；工作超前，理论基础研究落后的现实依然存在，应加强石漠化区乡村人地关系及相对贫困的研究，探究石漠化阻碍乡村振兴的制约机制；此外，在岩溶地区生态质量不断提升的背景下，应优化石漠化防治工程后评价体系，凸显社会效益和经济效益评价的重要性，总结经验、汲取教训，巩固岩溶地区脱贫攻坚成果，实现脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接。
Abstract:Rocky desertification is a land degradation process that changes a karst area covered by soil and vegetation to a rocky, desert-like landscape, which causes not only ecological problems but also serious social problems. Its negative impact on the local economy may not be apparent when land resources are abundant. However, in Southwest China, where the population density is already high, the expansion of rocky desertification has added pressure to people's lives. Since the issue of rocky desertification is put forward by scholars, poverty caused by rocky desertification has been a hotspot in the academic circle, which refers to the rural poverty and exacerbated by rocky desertification because the desertification deprives farmers' opportunities to improve their life by agricultural production. Land degradation (the exposure of basement rock or the thinning of soil layer) and ecological degradation (deforestation, the fragility of ecological environment and the reverse evolution of ecological system) worsens the endowment of land resources and even ecological resources, and thus results in a declining crop output but rising costs, which in turns will reduce farmers' income. Once the largest areas of poverty as well as the areas highly subject to the returning of poverty in China, advancing rural revitalization in the karst areas of Southwest China is both the government's and academia's working priority. Therefore, it is necessary for us to summarize the achievements and lessons of lifting out poverty caused by rocky desertification in karst areas, so as to consolidate poverty alleviation and build the theoretical basis of rural revitalization.
This paper systematically reviewed the concepts, key historical trends and research progress of poverty caused by rocky desertification. Next, it summarized main research findings in four aspects—the relationship between rocky desertification and rural poverty, the causes of poverty by rocky desertification, the strategies for lifting out poverty, and the anti-poverty evaluation of rocky desertification control projects. And then relevant challenges were identified and put forward. The research shows that research on poverty caused by rocky desertification has undergone four stages since the 1980s, i.e., start-up, poverty alleviation and ecological construction, comprehensive control and green development. An interesting finding is that the research progress and Chinese scholars' research findings appear to be directly related to the Chinese government's major decision-making and growing policy support. Secondly, although much research has been made in this field, studies are achieved from different perspectives without a systematic theoretical system. However, ever since rocky desertification becomes a problem of concern in the academic circle, the strategies aiming at lifting out poverty caused by rocky desertification have drawn much attention from the government and academic circle. The research achievements mainly focus on the strategies adopted to alleviate poverty in the rocky desertification areas. Thirdly, the ambiguous boundary between poverty caused by rocky desertification and poverty in rocky desertification areas may be the main reason why control projects of rocky desertification are detached from projects of targeted poverty alleviation. Meanwhile, there are many factors for the poverty in rocky desertification areas, including the natural resources, population pressure, infrastructure, industrial structure, natural disasters, urbanization level, technological level, cultural background, education, location and policies. However, as only one type of poverty in rocky desertification areas, poverty caused by rocky desertification is attributed to the land and ecological degradation in karst mountainous regions is. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the characteristics of rocky desertification and enhance research on the causes of poverty by desertification. Fourthly, there remains a harsh reality that the theoretical foundation lags behind practical work. The main reason of the decrease of rocky desertification areas is that the Chinese government has attached great importance to the rocky desertification problem, implementing many ecological construction projects. However, a majority of these ecological construction projects have not been targeted at restoring rocky desertification; instead, measures have been taken for water and soil conservation, and hill closing for forestation and forest planting. It is necessary to strengthen the study of rural man-earth relationship and relative poverty in rocky desertification areas, and reveal the restriction mechanism of rocky desertification hindering rural revitalization. Finally, the ecological environment in karst areas of China is improving. Although research achievements of anti-poverty evaluations of rocky desertification control projects have been found, the anti-poverty evaluation has not yet been assessed to the theoretical level of post-project evaluation. It is necessary to assess the impact of projects on improving the living standards of local farmers, summarize the relevant technical and economic activities, learn lessons from the experience, and put forward suggestions for decision-making.
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