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摘要:
断层带结构和内部流体流动特性是水文地质研究领域的难点问题。石油地质领域，在油气运移与成藏方向已形成较成熟的断层封闭性定量评价技术手段。相比较，断裂的水文地质性质研究尚停留在断裂的力学性质对断层导水、阻水特性的定性评价阶段，尚未详细开展断裂带结构、渗透性各向异性等方面的研究工作。文章梳理总结国外断裂带水文地质性质研究中关于结构组成、断裂带演化、渗透率影响因素等方面的研究成果，引入断裂带渗透率结构模型，并以中国北方岩溶区碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层含水岩组为例，构建断裂带水文地质结构模型。断裂带研究尺度和精度不同、断裂带发育部位不同，导致其结构及水文地质性质亦不相同，如何建立起精确、典型的断裂带水文地质结构模型，需要各领域数据共享及多学科融合共同开展研究工作。
Abstract:The fault zone has a controlling effect on the mechanical properties and fluid flow characteristics of the crust. It is an extensively distributed and very important structural pattern in the upper crust, and widely participates in the crustal activity process. At present, the structural composition and fluid flow pattern of fault zones are hot and difficult points in foreign research, and the research methods and understandings are different in various fields. In the field of petroleum geology, mature quantitative evaluation techniques for fault sealing have been developed in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. In contrast, research of hydrogeological properties of faults is still in the stage of qualitative evaluation of mechanical properties on the water conductivity or water resistance of faults. Studies on fault zone structure, permeability anisotropy and other aspects have not yet been carried out. At present, many scholars and teams at home and abroad have done much meaningful research and discussion on the internal structure characteristics of the fault zone and its influence on fluid flow. This paper summarizes the results of foreign studies on the hydrogeological properties of fault zones in terms of structural composition, fault zone evolution, permeability factors, etc. The hydrogeological structure model of the fault zone in the northern part of the Taihang Mountains is introduced by taking the fault that is developed in the carbonates of the Cambrian Zhangxia formation with clastic water-bearing rocks as an example.
In previous studies on the composition and permeability structure of fault zone, its composition is divided into fault core and fracture zone. The structure of fault core and fracture zone determines the heterogeneity and anisotropy of permeability structure of fault zone. In the fault zone, the thickness ratio between fault core and fracture zone provides a convenient and generalized framework for describing the hydrogeological characteristics of fault zone. If the permeability of each component of the fault zone is combined with geological maps, geological profiles, or three-dimensional structural models of the fault zone, the permeability structure of the fault zone can be obtained from field outcrops. The permeability characteristics of each component of the fault zone are the most important to study the fluid flow properties of the fault zone. The permeability characteristics are mainly affected by the structural characteristics of the fault zone, the properties of the fluid passing through the fault zone, the tectonic stress, the scale of the fault slip and other factors. The geometric structure and permeability of the core and fracture zone are the main controlling factors to characterize the hydrogeological properties of the fault zone, which is characterized by the type of water-blocking and water-guiding system of fluid flow. According to the thickness ratio of its component parts, the fault zone can be divided into four types: single fault, dispersed deformation zone, local deformation zone and composite deformation zone. Meanwhile, the corresponding permeability structures are local water conduction, dispersed water conduction, local water resistance, and composite water-resistance. In order to accurately reflect the hydrogeological properties of the fault zone, in this study, we should take the different positions of the fault zone into full consideration when constructing the hydrogeological structure model, and to generalize the permeability structure. The structure and hydrogeological properties of the studied fault zone will be different due to the different scale and precision of the selected fault zone and the different development sites. Taking the northern Cambrian carbonate aquifer as an example, there are clastic rocks with different thickness and relative water isolation, where lithology is dominated by thin layer shale. At different positions of the same fault zone, the different distribution characteristics of the water-proof layer and the fracture mechanism result in significant differences in the permeability and hydrogeological characteristics.
How to establish the characteristics of the spatial structure and permeability of the fault zone is the basis and premise for the accurate evaluation of the fluid flow characteristics of the fault zone, which requires geologists to have the professional knowledge of structural geology, rock mechanics, numerical simulation and other fields. Through the sharing of data in various fields and the integration of multidisciplinary methods, accurate and typical permeability structure models of fault zone are established so as to promote the study on development of fault zone and fluid flow characteristics.
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Key words:
- hydrogeology /
- fault core /
- fracture zone /
- permeability /
- karst mountainous area
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表 1 断裂带组成样式及渗透率结构[28]
Table 1. Fault zone architectural styles and permeability structures
渗透率结构 断裂带结构 断层核 破碎带 实例 应用的流动模型 局部导水 沿单一曲面或长的离散
平面发生局部滑动缺失或发育较窄 缺失或发育较少 Shawangunk Mountains
断层具有平行外壁的离散导管 分散导水 沿分布表面和裂缝
分布发生滑移缺乏或发育较窄，狭窄、
离散和不连续带发育的离散滑动面和
相关的断裂网络Hill断裂带 等效多孔介质 局部阻水 破碎带内局部滑动 发育较好的断层
核碎裂岩缺失或发育较少 San Gabriel
碎裂岩带高渗透性含水层（原岩）中的
弱透水层（断层核）复合导水—
阻水变形适应于局部破碎带
和次生构造分布区发育较好的断层
核碎裂岩发育的离散滑动面和
相关的断裂网络Stillwater断裂带 夹在两个含水层之间的
弱透水层（断层核）
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