Water abundance of karst fissure water and its electrical properties in north Taihang Mountains: A case study of mountainous area in the west of Baoding
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摘要:
为揭示太行山北段岩溶裂隙水富水性分布规律,采用电阻率、极化率、半衰时和偏离度分析不同含水层介质结构、不同含水岩组和不同地下水系统岩溶裂隙水与电性参数的关系,探讨研究区岩溶裂隙水富水性的影响因素及其电性响应特征。结果表明:含水层介质结构按照溶蚀孔洞型→断层型→褶皱型→岩体阻水型的排列顺序,半衰时值分布范围依次降低,而偏离度值分布范围依次升高;四种电性参数对奥陶系含水岩组、蓟县系含水岩组具有较强的分辨能力;极化率、半衰时和偏离度难以识别拒马河、界河-唐河以及瀑河-漕河三种岩溶裂隙地下水系统类型;奥陶系含水岩组的富水性优于蓟县系含水岩组;就含水层介质结构而言,溶蚀孔洞型富水性最佳,断层型和褶皱型次之,岩体阻水型富水性最差。
Abstract:In north Taihang Mountains, there are mainly located the karst fissure groundwater systems of Juma river, of Puhe river-Caohe river and of Jiehe river-Tanghe river. The water-bearing formation of carbonatite karst fissure in the research area can be divided into the Ordovician and the Jixian water-bearing formations. The Ordovician water-bearing formation is mainly developed with chert zebra dolomite and limestone with holes, solution cracks and fissures and groundwater concentration zones. The Jixian water-bearing formation is made up of chert zebra dolomite with fissures, where water abundance is good. The aquifer medium structures in the research area are divided into corrosion pore type, fault type, fold type and water blocking type of rock mass. Zijingguan fault is a normal fault with relatively fragmented hanging wall. The fissures of dolomite and limestone are developed in the fracture zone with good water abundance. To determine the spatial variation of water abundance of karst fissure water in the northern Taihang Mountains and the electrical characteristics of fissure water, karst fissure water in the northern Taihang Mountains was taken as research object and the data of unit water inflow of 39 boreholes was obtained by pumping tests.
According to the characteristic of karst fissure water i.e., obvious induced polarization response, four electrical parameters—resistivity, polarizability, half damping time and deviation degree—were acquired by induced polarization method. Statistical analyses and box-whisker plots were processed by Grapher software. The distribution characteristics of four electrical parameters were studied. The relationships between electrical parameters and water abundance of karst fissure water in different aquifer medium structures, water-bearing formations and groundwater systems were analyzed. Interfering factors of water abundance of karst fissure water in the research area and its electrical response characteristics were discussed. The range delineated by lower box (25%) and upper box (75%) of unit water inflow or electrical parameters reflects the dispersion degree of 50% of the data in the central range, which is indicative of various types of karst fissure water in the research area. Results showed that the structure of aquifer media was arranged in the order of corrosion pore type→fault type→fold type→water blocking type of rock mass. In this sequence, the distribution range of half aging value decreases in turn, while the distribution range of deviation value increases correspondingly. It is difficult to distinguish the four types of aquifer medium structures by resistivity and polarizability. Water-bearing formations of the Ordovician system and the Jixianian system could be identified effectively with resistivity, polarizability, half damping time and deviation degree. It was hard to identify groundwater system types among the Juma river, the Jiehe river-Tanghe river and the Puhe river-Caohe river just by the use of polarizability, half damping time and deviation degree. Water abundance in the Ordovician system is better than its value in the Jixianian system. The best water abundance was found in corrosion pore type, followed by fault type, fold type, and water blocking type of rock mass in sequence.
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表 1 研究区岩溶地下水系统划分
Table 1. Classification of karst groundwater system in the research area
三级地下水系统代码及名称 四级地下水系统代码及名称 五级地下水系统代码及名称 拒马河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ1) 北拒马河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ1-2) 北拒马河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ1-2-3) 大西沟岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ1-2-5) 鱼谷洞岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ1-2-8) 易水河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ1-3) 北易水河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ1-3-1) 中易水河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ1-3-2) 瀑河—漕河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ2) 瀑河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ2-1) 瀑河上游岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ2-1-1) 北邵-东庄岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ2-1-2) 漕河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ2-2) 界河—唐河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ3) 界河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ3-1) 界河上游岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ3-1-1) 安阳向斜东岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ3-1-2) 界河中上游岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ3-1-3) 唐河岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ3-2) 安阳向斜西岩溶裂隙地下水系统(Ⅶ3-2-2) 表 2 研究区地下水地层电阻率值分布
Table 2. Resistivity distribution of underground water strata in the research area
年代 地层 岩性 电阻率分布范围/Ω·m 第四系 黏土 22~62 第四系 碎石、卵石 875~1 835 第四系 回填土 89~279 第四系 砂、砾石 195~356 奥陶系 马家沟组 灰岩 184~2 865 奥陶系 冶里组、亮甲山组 燧石条带白云岩 84~2 634 寒武系 馒头组 泥岩、页岩、泥质灰岩 25~57 青白口系 龙山组 石英砂岩、粉砂岩 47~316 青白口系 下马岭组 页岩、粉砂质页岩 86~452 蓟县系 雾迷山组、高于庄组 燧石条带白云岩 103~3 124 表 3 激发极化法极距
Table 3. Electrode spacing of induced polarization method
序号 供电极距AB/2/m 测量极距MN/2/m 装置系数K/m 序号 供电极距AB/2/m 测量极距MN/2/m 装置系数K/m 01 2.5 0.83 10.5 10 50 16.67 209.5 02 3.5 1.17 14.7 11 65 21.67 272.4 03 5.0 1.67 21.0 12 80 26.67 335.2 04 7.0 2.33 29.3 13 100 33.33 419.0 05 10.0 3.33 41.9 14 130 43.33 544.7 06 14.0 4.67 58.7 15 170 56.67 712.3 07 20.0 6.67 83.8 16 220 73.33 922.0 08 28.0 9.33 117.3 17 280 93.33 1 173.0 09 38.0 12.67 159.2 18 350 116.67 1 467.0 表 4 实验结果
Table 4. Test results
钻孔
名称单位涌水
量/L·(s·m)−1水位
/m电阻率
ρ/Ω·m极化率
η/%半衰时
St/ms偏离度
r/%含水层介
质结构含水
岩组地下水
系统钻孔包气带
岩性和厚度所处地下水系统
的动力场位置沙峪 30.214 12.05 127 2.027 1 920 4.023 溶蚀孔洞型 奥陶系 Ⅶ1-2-8 粗砂1.64 m、砾12.03 m(层底埋深23.62 m) 岩溶水顶托补给区 芦子水 21.695 7.94 153 1.826 1 760 4.332 溶蚀孔洞型 奥陶系 Ⅶ1-2-8 粗砂2.10 m、卵石3.42 m(层底埋深18.25 m) 岩溶水顶托补给区 清水建 15.332 9.80 178 2.109 2 020 4.276 溶蚀孔洞型 奥陶系 Ⅶ1-2-8 粗砂1.22 m、砾7.33 m、卵石2.85 m(层底埋深27.31 m) 岩溶水顶托补给区 马各庄 33.564 12.45 147 1.657 1 550 3.902 溶蚀孔洞型 奥陶系 Ⅶ1-2-8 粗砂3.45 m、砾2.15 m,卵石1.39 m(层底埋深37.60 m) 岩溶水顶托补给区 西安阳 5.007 3.09 223 2.513 1 610 4.401 断层型 奥陶系 Ⅶ3-1-2 碎石3.09 m(层底埋深9.00 m) 人工开采区 岭后 10.560 11.86 234 2.016 1 540 4.631 褶皱型 奥陶系 Ⅶ3-2-2 卵石3.00 m、风化白云岩8.86 m(层底埋深47.00 m) 潜流排泄区 龙门 39.073 13.01 524 2.113 1 980 4.053 溶蚀孔洞型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 卵石、砂13.01 m(层底埋深28.10 m) 岩溶水顶托补给区 西南蒲 4.080 48.45 97 1.927 1 860 4.601 溶蚀孔洞型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-3 黏土15.20 m、卵石25.80 m、含砾砂岩6.40 m、砂岩1.05 m(层底埋深9.60 m) 人工开采区 计鹿 34.686 6.99 428 1.526 1 620 4.181 溶蚀孔洞型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 粗砂5.12 m、砾2.43 m,卵石3.24 m(层底埋深16.25 m) 岩溶水顶托补给区 桑园 4.135 2.68 833 3.127 2 230 4.556 溶蚀孔洞型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 卵石2.68 m(层底埋深6.60 m) 岩溶水顶托补给区 高庄 15.654 5.00 512 1.984 1 910 4.268 溶蚀孔洞型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 回填土2.00 m、卵石3.00 m(层底埋深17.65 m) 岩溶水顶托补给区 南庄子 0.521 18.97 537 1.638 1 180 4.571 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-5 砾石18.52 m(层底埋深22.61 m) 岩溶地下水侧向补给区 安子沟 0.439 22.32 582 1.641 1340 4.823 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-5 砾石2.34 m、卵石11.33 m(层底埋深20.67 m) 岩溶地下水侧向补给区 西角 0.386 16.28 399 1.501 1 400 4.907 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 砾石3.27 m、白云岩5.38 m(层底埋深20.34 m) 人工开采区 向阳 0.271 33.25 602 1.235 1 080 5.222 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ2-1-2 粉土1.34 m、细晶白云岩9.76 m(层底埋深6.39 m) 地下水径流区 东娄山 0.113 21.60 564 1.193 1 060 5.348 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ2-1-2 粉土2.13 m、细晶白云岩6.39 m(层底埋深8.66 m) 地下水径流区 南峪 1.037 128.41 1185 1.962 1 530 4.222 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 回填土4.30 m、灰质白云岩124.11 m(层底埋深206.40 m) 大气降水入渗补给区 白云西庄 1.214 95.65 387 1.749 1 320 4.638 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-3 粉砂10.00 m、燧石条带白云岩49.00 m、白云岩36.65 m(层底埋深275.00 m) 人工开采区 娘娘宫 0.331 3.09 422 1.805 1 200 4.932 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-1 卵石3.09 m(层底埋深15.20 m) 大气降水入渗补给区 金水口 0.259 27.50 1083 1.712 1 050 5.132 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-5 砾石27.50 m(层底埋深28.96 m) 岩溶地下水侧向补给区 南康关 0.281 64.09 391 1.286 1 410 4.701 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-2 角砾岩64.09 m(层底埋深84.00 m) 人工开采区 辛宅 2.238 45.69 149 2.103 1 770 4.532 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-3 粉土21.00 m、粉质黏土24.69 m(层底埋深39.00 m) 人工开采区 西白司城 0.248 14.91 521 1.875 1 110 5.218 断层型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-2 粉土4.06 m、风化泥质灰岩10.85 m(32.44 m) 人工开采区 史家沟 0.101 10.04 452 0.924 950 4.995 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-2 黏土0.66 m、破碎石灰岩8.34 m、竹叶状灰岩1.04 m(层底埋深12.54 m) 岩溶地下水侧向补给区 导务 0.006 4.26 516 0.913 910 5.706 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-2 黏土0.90 m、石灰岩3.36 m(层底埋深15.30 m) 地下水径流区 福山口 0.211 39.16 907 0.889 980 5.668 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 粉土11.90 m、微晶白云岩27.26 m(层底埋深37.70 m) 潜流排泄区 都衙 0.353 8.43 1076 1.333 1 100 5.425 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 砾石5.32 m、白云岩3.11 m(层底埋深46.88 m) 潜流排泄区 南清醒 0.354 1.29 261 1.628 1 280 4.506 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-1 含砾石黏土1.29 m(层底埋深4.70 m) 岩溶地下水侧向补给区 裸心峪 0.183 10.50 986 1.825 1 230 5.203 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-2-3 白云岩10.50 m(层底埋深41.40 m) 岩溶地下水侧向补给区 夏家庄 0.209 65.35 713 1.269 1 160 4.798 褶皱型 蓟县系 Ⅶ2-1-1 细晶燧石白云岩63.70 m、白云岩1.65 m(层底埋深14.70 m) 人工开采区 南百全 0.107 7.23 618 0.951 920 5.889 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-3-1 黏土5.39 m、细晶白云岩2.36 m(层底埋深12.39 m) 人工开采区 柳林庄 0.092 8.00 576 0.934 960 6.301 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-3-2 粉土2.41 m、微晶灰岩5.25 m(层底埋深3.95 m) 人工开采区 太和庄 0.011 7.99 577 0.775 910 6.891 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-3-1 粉质黏土6.00 m、细晶白云岩1.99 m(层底埋深55.40 m) 地下水径流区 上黄蒿 0.028 6.36 651 1.121 970 7.021 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-3-1 卵石6.36 m(层底埋深8.50 m) 人工开采区 福家庄 0.078 10.36 512 0.906 890 6.114 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ1-3-2 粉土3.00 m、微晶灰岩4.20 m、微晶灰岩3.16 m(层底埋深4.00 m) 人工开采区 官银堂 0.059 11.79 317 0.859 990 5.867 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-1 卵石5.50 m、粉晶白云岩6.29 m(层底埋深8.90 m) 大气降水入渗补给区 西后兴 0.108 36.24 206 1.539 1 090 4.938 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ3-1-3 黏土3.00 m、粉土18.50 m、黏土11.50 m、卵石3.24 m(层底埋深38.50 m) 人工开采区 南韩 0.036 27.84 725 0.821 820 6.329 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ2-1-2 粉土2.00 m、碎石12.40 m、砾石9.60 m、石灰岩3.84 m(层底埋深5.20 m) 地下水径流区 草庄儿 0.104 3.95 1088 1.002 990 5.331 岩体阻水型 蓟县系 Ⅶ2-2 砂卵砾石3.95 m(层底埋深8.60 m) 潜流排泄区 -
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