A review of karst collapse mechanisms
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摘要:
岩溶塌陷机理是开展岩溶塌陷监测、预警、防控及治理工作的基础。长期以来，岩溶塌陷机理研究都是以事后调查的定性推测为主，缺乏必要的科学观测数据支持，导致目前的岩溶塌陷机理仍然处于假设阶段，并成为岩溶塌陷灾害监测预警与防治方面的理论瓶颈问题。文章总结了近年来国内外岩溶塌陷机理的最新研究进展，提出目前的岩溶塌陷机理都可以归结为土岩体的渗透变形，但其临界或破坏指标还需进一步探讨，此外指出随着高频采样的水压力、 加速度计及声波等传感器的实用化，塌陷机理研究将面临着从静水压力到动水压力方面的挑战，并且压力脉动造成的气蚀破坏、共振破坏也将是下步探究的重点。
Abstract:Karst collapse is a global geohazard and has been reported to occur in 23 countries, including China, the United States of America, Canada, South Africa, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, and Turkey. The mechanism of karst collapse is the basis for its monitoring, early warning, prevention and treatment. For a long time, studies on the mechanism of karst collapse have been mainly based on the qualitative speculation of the investigation after karst collapse, involving geological conditions and influencing factors of the collapse. They lack support of scientifically defensible data, hence resulting in the hypothetical stage of current studies on karst collapse mechanism. This has become a technical bottleneck in the prediction and prevention of karst collapse hazard.
Karst collapse hazards are characterized by concealment and suddenness. Among the existing collapse events in China, more than 90% are soil collapse. Studies on karst collapse in China started in the 1980s and have gone through approximately four phases, (1) The sporadic karst collapse research in selected mines; (2) The karst collapse inventory and small-scale physical modeling in Yangtze River Basin, and representative mines and railroads; (3) The karst collapse reconnaissance and large-scale physical modeling in urban areas including Wuhan, Yulin, Tangshan, Tongling, Guilin, and Shenzhen; (4) The systematic nation-wide karst collapse reconnaissance. Since 2000, National Natural Science Foundation of China has increased investment in the studies on karst collapse involving groundwater pumping, foundation piling, tunneling, drainage in mines, and train vibration and in the studies on karst collapse mechanisms induced by extreme climate. At present, there are about eight karst collapse mechanisms according to previous studies, such as subduction, vacuum negative pressure, pressure difference, hydraulic fracturing, gas explosion, chemical dissolution, resonance, liquefaction, etc. These processes are closely associated with changing underground hydrodynamic conditions.
With a profound analysis of definitions and theoretical basis of karst collapse mechanism, this study proposes that most of the above mechanisms can be attributed to seepage deformation of soil. This means, under the action of groundwater seepage force or dynamic water pressure, some particles of the whole soil mass will move, causing deformation and destruction of soil or rock mass. During the formation of karst collapse, the action mode and direction of groundwater seepage force on karst cavities roof soil will be different because of the change of groundwater dynamic conditions. The limit equilibrium theory of soil mechanics considers the roof stability of karst cavities, which is the last stage in the development of karst collapse; the effect of surface load is only to shorten the time of ground collapse.
Finally, it is pointed out that due to the practicability of water-air pressure with high-frequency sampling, accelerometer and acoustic wave sensors, the research direction on collapse mechanisms will be changed from hydrostatic pressure to hydrodynamic pressure, a challenge that should be faced with. The cavitation damage and resonance damage caused by pressure pulsation will also be the future research focus, and the corresponding critical seepage deformation or damage indicators need to be further studied the prevention and control of geological disasters of karst collapse.
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表 1 文献中塌陷致塌机理类型
Table 1. Types of collapse mechanisms in previous studies
致灾机理类型 描述 理论 潜蚀论 覆盖岩溶地区，在地下水流的渗流作用下，渗透压力或水力梯度较大时，产生管涌、流土，引起土层破坏，产生土洞，最后发生塌陷 水力学→达西定律→渗透变形破坏 真空吸蚀论 密封条件比较好的岩溶空腔中，过水断面由小变大或地下水位突然下降都会产生负压吸蚀作用，空腔上覆土体不断剥落，最终发生塌陷 水力学→达西定律→渗透变形破坏 压力（压强）差效应 地下水位的变动在封闭的岩溶空腔中引起足够的压力差时，会对覆盖层产生气蚀和潜蚀作用，多种压力作用下，土体遭到破坏，产生地面塌陷 水力学→达西定律→渗透变形破坏 水力劈裂论 地下水位的快速上升下降、气爆产生的荷载将会增大土体中的瞬时孔隙水压力，导致土体裂纹的扩展与闭合，进而裂隙不断扩大或土洞壁发生片状脱落形成地面塌陷 水力学→达西定律→渗透变形破坏 气爆论 落水洞被封堵后，雨季地下河水位瞬猛上涨，对覆盖层产生向上的正压顶托力，顶托力较大时，会击破堵体产生塌陷。或人为的爆破、地震或极端气候，使溶洞顶板坍塌，塌陷岩土体堵塞岩溶管道，在岩溶管道中产生高压气团，在岩溶覆盖层土体强度较弱的地方产生冲爆作用与水击作用，降低覆盖层内聚力，导致塌陷发生 土力学→极限平衡理论、流体力学、地震学→渗透变形破坏 化学溶蚀论 人为排放的酸碱溶液或地下水的溶蚀使岩溶空洞扩大或周围土体强度降低，当土体自重力大于土洞顶板的承重力时，发生塌陷 化学 共振论 轨道交通位于覆盖型岩溶上方或者地下水面波动作用于覆盖层，当波动频率与覆盖层固有频率相同时引发塌陷 物理学 液化论或振动论 外力振动或地震作用于土体，导致岩溶地区饱水砂土产生液化、软化效应，抗剪强度瞬间降为零，上覆土体流入岩溶空腔，产生塌陷 地震学 
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