Flow attenuation analysis and inorganic carbon flux estimation of surface karst spring in rocky desertification control area: A case study at Laoquan spring in the Longtan trough valley, Youyang county, Chongqing City, China
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摘要:
应对“双碳”目标，加强岩溶石漠化综合治理工作，地下水是关键。为探究重庆市酉阳县龙潭槽谷石漠化治理区岩溶泉的流量衰减及无机碳通量变化特征，采用流量衰减方程与水化学径流法对研究点老泉进行模拟与分析。结果表明：（1）老泉的流量衰减分为两个亚动态，衰减系数分别为0.089 2、0.019 6，其具有双重性含水介质特征。（2）暴雨期老泉的碳通量随流量变化的特征明显；而伏旱期（7月底－8月底）老泉的碳通量与土壤CO2、泉水CO2均具有明显的昼夜变化特征，表现为夜间低、日间高。（3）老泉夏季的碳通量与降水量呈正相关（R=0.78），与蒸发量呈负相关（R=−0.36），气候的不稳定性变化对碳通量影响显著。老泉的月
${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ Abstract:The rational utilization of groundwater resources is the key to achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, strengthening the comprehensive control of karst rock desertification and soil erosion in the ecological environment. On the southern wing of Tongmaling anticline in southeast Chongqing, Longtan trough valley—a part of Wuling Mountain area—is located in Youyang county, Chongqing City, China. The karst development is strong in the trough valley area, and the distribution of groundwater is extensive. At the same time, the problem of rocky desertification is severe in this area, so the efficient utilization of water resources and ecological restoration are especially important. The objective of this study is to explore the flow characteristics of karst spring and structure types of aquifer medium, and to further analyze the variation characteristics of inorganic carbon flux in the ecological restoration area of rock desertification control.
In this study, the flow attenuation equation and hydrochemical runoff method are used to estimate and analyze attenuation process and inorganic carbon flux of Laoquan spring based on the re-vegetation in a karst rocky desertification area in Longtan trough valley in Youyang county, Chongqing City, Southwest China. The results show that: (1) The flow attenuation process of Laoquan spring is divided into two sub-dynamics with attenuation coefficients of 0.0892 and 0.0196, respectively. The attenuation process of this spring mainly occurs on the first sub-dynamics. In the aquifer medium of groundwater system, the ratio of pipeline to fissure is significant. The strong water conduction effect of aquifer medium leads to the weak capacity of Laoquan spring to regulate and store rainfall infiltration water. (2) The variation process of the carbon flux of Laoquan spring during the rainstorm period is divided into four stages, and the carbon flux has obvious variation characteristics with the flow. The carbon flux during the rainstorm period is 97.64 kg·km−2·d−1. In the summer drought period (from the end of July to the end of August), the carbon flux of Laoquan spring has obvious diurnal variation characteristics, low at night and high in the day. The soil CO2 concentration, water CO2 concentration and carbon flux of Laoquan spring are synchronized in the diurnal variation, and the carbon flux in the summer drought period is 18.23 kg·km−2·d−1. (3) The climate instability can affect the carbon flux of Laoquan spring. The precipitation of this spring in summer is positively correlated with the carbon flux (R=0.78), and the evaporation is negatively correlated with the carbon flux (R=−0.36). The change of land use mode has a significant effect on the carbon flux of Laoquan spring. The correlation coefficient between
${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ -
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图 1 龙潭槽谷水文地质概况图（a-水文地质平面图，b-石漠化治理区卫星图（据Google Earth），c-老泉实景图，d-水文地质剖面图（修改自参考文献[25]））
Figure 1.
表 1 2018-2021年伏旱期（7月21日-8月31日）老泉的气候与流量情况
Table 1. Climate and discharge of Laoquan spring during the drought period (from July 21 to August 31) from 2018 to 2021
时间/年 2018 2019 2020 2021 多年平均值 降水总量/mm 1 485.2 1 461.6 1 500.2 1 429.8 1 470.0 伏旱期降水量/mm 103.8 139.6 216.8 491.2 237.9 伏旱期蒸发量/mm 166.9 178.7 178.7 226.9 187.8 伏旱期干旱天数/天 29 31 29 19 27 伏旱期降水天数/天 13 11 13 23 15 伏旱期高温天数（大于35 ℃）/天 27 29 23 25 26 伏旱期断流天数/天 37 34 18 23 28 伏旱期流量/L·s−1 0 0.03 0.65 2.38 0.76 
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表 2 老泉200506号暴雨的流量衰减参数
Table 2. Flow attenuation parameters of Rainstorm No. 200506 in Laoquan spring
岩溶水系统 亚动态 衰减系数/15 min 持续时间/h 含水介质储水量/m3 亚动态占总储水量之比/% 总储水量/m3 老泉 一 0.089 2 9 620.43 84 739.26 二 0.019 6 21 118.83 16
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表 3 老泉210628号暴雨期间流量与碳通量参数
Table 3. Flow and carbon flux parameters during Rainstorm No.210628 in Laoquan spring
阶段 平均流量/L·s−1 
平均浓度/mg·L−1持续时间/h 各阶段累计的碳通量/kg·km−2·d−1 累计碳通量/kg·km−2·d−1 ① 0 227.53 6 0 97.64 ② 38.52 127.49 1.5 9.25 ③ 31.75 140.30 10.5 64.43 ④ 3.25 181.78 29 23.96
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表 4 老泉2018-2021年的水文水化学与碳通量参数
Table 4. Hydrochemical features and carbon sink flux of Laoquan spring from 2018 to 2021
时间/年 
浓度/mg·L−1CO2消耗量/mg·L−1 年均流量/L·s−1 无机碳通量/t·km−2·a−1 2018年 197.23 71.13 4.68 11.66 2019年 234.85 84.70 3.48 10.33 2020年 231.03 83.32 7.30 21.31 2021年 239.64 86.43 5.58 16.90 平均值 225.69 81.40 5.26 15.05
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表 5 老泉2018-2021年碳通量与土壤CO2浓度的相关性分析
Table 5. Correlation analysis between carbon flux and soil CO2 concentration of Laoquan spring from 2018 to 2021
年平均土壤CO2浓度/mL·m−3 年碳通量/t·km−2·a−1 Pearson 相关性 0.903 显著性（双侧） 0.097 N 4
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表 6 2018-2021年老泉δ13CDIC的变化趋势
Table 6. Variation trend of δ13CDIC of Laoquan spring from 2018 to 2021
时间（年/月） 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 实测值/‰ 实测值/‰ 实测值/‰ 实测值/‰ 1月 − −10.13 −10.90 −10.56 2月 − −8.58 − −10.30 3月 − − − −10.62 4月 − −9.63 − −10.29 5月 −11.62 −10.37 − −11.47 6月 −11.72 −8.92 −11.26 −10.23 7月 −11.19 −9.45 −11.99 −12.10 8月 −11.17 −8.46 −11.91 − 9月 −11.03 −11.74 −12.25 −12.22 10月 −10.06 −9.84 −12.36 −11.58 11月 −10.59 −10.46 −11.35 −11.11 12月 −9.89 −10.82 −11.41 −11.36 年平均值/‰ −10.91 −9.85 −11.68 −11.08 注：−代表数据缺失。
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