The role, supply and demand of critical minerals in the clean energy transition under carbon neutrality targets and their recommendations
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摘要:
在"碳中和"目标的驱动下，全球能源系统向清洁化、低碳化甚至无碳化发展已是大势所趋。针对向清洁能源转型的需求，采用了统计对比、分类汇总、综合分析等方法，分析研究了关键矿产在电池、电网、低碳发电和氢能等行业中的作用和需求。结合当前关键矿产产量的地理集中度高、项目开发周期长、资源质量下降等矿产供应和投资计划不能满足清洁能源转型的需求等问题，提出确保关键矿产多样性供应，推动价值链各环节的技术创新，扩大回收利用，增强供应链弹性和市场透明度，将更高的环境、社会和治理标准纳入主流程及加强生产者和消费者之间的国际合作等建议。
Abstract:Driven by the goal of "carbon neutrality", it is a general trend for the global energy system to develop towards cleaner, low-carbon or even carbon-free. In response to the demand for the transition to clean energy, the methods of statistical comparison, classified summary and comprehensive analysis are adopted to analyze and study the role and demand of critical minerals in department such as batteries, electricity networks, low-carbon power generation and hydrogen. Combined with the problems, such as high geographical concentration of current critical mineral output, long cycle of project development, and decline in resource quality, that cannot meet the needs of clean energy transition, it is proposed to ensure the diversified supply of key minerals, promote technological innovation in all links of the value chain, scale up recycling, enhance supply chain resilience and market transparency. It is suggested to mainstream higher environmental, social and governance standards into the main process, and strengthen international collaboration between producers and consumers.
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表 1 关键矿产在清洁能源技术中的重要性（IEA，2021）
Table 1. The importance of critical minerals in clean energy technology(IEA, 2021)
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表 2 锂电池、铅酸电池的子技术及用途（据World Bank，2020）
Table 2. Sub-technologies and applications of lithium batteries and lead-acid batteries (from World Bank, 2020)
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