The distribution features, main types and present situation of exploration and development for rhenium
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摘要:
研究目的 全球铼资源分布不均衡，智利占全球铼资源总量的半数以上，其中主要来自于斑岩铜矿床。铼的矿床类型与其赋存状态密切相关，由于铼矿多数与其他矿种伴生，导致铼的矿床类型划分尚未形成统一标准，无法为找矿勘查提供依据，因此急需开展相关研究。
研究方法 本文从全球铼矿赋存状态、矿床成因、矿石类型等方面入手，系统梳理和总结已有典型铼矿的富集成矿规律及矿床类型，以期为该类型矿床的勘探开发提供思路。
研究结果 本文将铼矿床划分为4种类型，即斑岩型铜矿中的铼、沉积层控型铜矿中的铼、砂岩型铀矿中的铼以及矽卡岩型矿床中的铼，其中，以斑岩矿床的铼品位最高、储量最大。铼成矿作用以燕山期最为发育，次为喜马拉雅期、印支期、加里东期，其中，大型伴生铼矿主要发育在加里东期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期。铼矿勘探方面，已探明铼矿储量的半数以上来自智利，其余主要国家依次为美国、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦和亚美尼亚。铼矿开发方面，铼矿很可能存在于大陆弧环境下形成的斑岩型铜矿床，各国开始从斑岩铜矿床中回收铼。
结论 铼矿作为新兴资源，在未来节能减排、碳中和实施方面发挥积极作用，应加强独立铼矿床的勘查以及铜钼铼伴生矿床的成因机制研究，重视老矿山的二次开发利用。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective The global rhenium resources are unevenly distributed. Chile accounts for more than half of the total global rhenium resources, mainly from porphyry copper deposits. The type of rhenium deposit is closely related to its occurrence state. Since most of the rhenium ore is associated with other minerals, the classification of rhenium deposits has not yet formed a unified standard, which can not provide a basis for ore prospecting. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out relevant research.
Methods In this paper, from the perspective of global occurrence of rhenium deposits, ore types and other aspects, the enrichment and mineralization rules and deposit types of existing typical rhenium deposits are systematically sorted out and summarized, in order to provide ideas for the exploration and development of this type of deposits.
Results Rhenium deposits are divided into four types in this paper: rhenium in porphyry copper deposits, rhenium in sedimentary- type strata- bound copper deposits, rhenium in sandstone- type uranium deposits, and rhenium in skarn deposits. Among them, rhenium in porphyry deposits has the highest grade and largest reserves. In terms of metallogenic characteristics, the Yanshanian period is the most developed for rhenium mineralization, followed by the Himalayan, Indosinian, and Caledonian periods. Large associated rhenium deposits mainly developed in the Caledonian, Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayas. In terms of rhenium exploration, more than half of the proven rhenium reserves are from Chile, and the remaining major countries are the United States, Russia, Kazakhstan and Armenia in order. Regarding the development of rhenium ore, rhenium ore is likely to exist in porphyry copper deposits formed in a continental arc environment, and many countries have begun to recover rhenium from porphyry copper deposits.
Conclusions As an emerging resource, rhenium ore will play an active role in the implementation of energy saving, emission reduction, and carbon neutrality in the future. The exploration of independent rhenium deposits and the genetic mechanism of copper-molybdenum- rhenium associated deposits should be strengthened, and the secondary development and utilization of old mines should be emphasized.
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图 1 全球主要铼矿床分布图（据张艳飞等, 2022修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 世界主要含铼矿床的铼品位与矿床吨位图❹（据John and Taylor, 2016修改）
Figure 2.
图 3 宾厄姆的斑岩铜钼金矿（据Landtwing et al., 2010; Seo et al., 2012修改）
Figure 3.
图 4 哈萨克斯坦的砂岩层控型铜矿床❻（据Box et al., 2013修改）
Figure 4.
图 5 还原相（Kupferschiefer）层控型铜矿床❿（据Oszczepalski, 1999修改）
Figure 5.
图 6 哈萨克斯坦楚-萨里苏盆地的Moynkum-Tortkudu地区中的前卷型砂岩铀矿（据Dahlkamp, 2009修改）
Figure 6.
表 1 主要含铼矿床特征（据U.S. Geological Survey, 2014）
Table 1. The characteristics of main rhenium-bearing deposits(after U.S. Geological Survey, 2014)
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