Review on heavy metal pollution and remediation technology in the soil of mining areas
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摘要:
研究目的 土壤重金属污染是造成土壤生态环境质量下降、农作物重金属超标，甚至危及人体健康的主要因素。采矿及冶炼活动是土壤重金属污染的主要来源，中国矿山贫矿多、难选矿多、共伴生矿多，矿山开采过程中产生了大量的有毒有害重金属进入土壤，由于采矿活动造成土壤重金属污染严重。目前，寻找合适的方法修复矿区重金属污染土壤是国内外环境科学领域研究的热点和难点。
研究方法 本文通过查阅大量矿区重金属污染土壤修复技术方向的文献，综述了国内外关于矿区土壤中重金属污染的特点、危害及修复技术最新研究进展。
研究结果 目前矿区土壤重金属污染的修复方法包括：（1）工程修复技术：客土法；（2）物理修复技术：电动修复法、玻璃化法、热处理法等；（3）化学修复技术：土壤淋洗法、固定/稳定化法等；（4）生物修复技术：植物修复法、微生物修复法等。
结论 目前客土法是使用较广、最有效的处理技术，植物修复技术是应用前景最好的技术。在实际矿山重金属污染土壤修复中，单一的修复技术往往存在一定的局限性而不能满足修复需求，因此可采用多种修复技术相结合的联合修复方法相互补充，以达到最佳修复效果。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective Soil heavy metal pollution is the main factor that causes the decline of soil ecological environment quality, crop heavy metal exceeds the national standard and even endangers human health. Mining and smelting activities are the primary source of soil heavy metal pollution. China's domestic metal mines have relatively low-grade and are expensive to process. The mining process produces a large amount of toxic and harmful heavy metals into the soil, which causes severe soil heavy metal pollution due to mining activities. At present, finding suitable methods to remediate heavy metal contaminated soils in mining areas is a hot issue and complex research area in environmental science.
Methods This paper reviews the characteristics, hazards and remediation technology of heavy metal pollution in mining soils by many relevant literatures.
Results The current remediation methods for soil heavy metal pollution in mining areas include: (1) engineering remediation technology: guest soil method; (2) physical remediation technology: electro kinetic remediation, vitrification method and heat treatment method; (3) chemical remediation techniques: soil leaching and fixation; (4) bioremediation technology: phytoremediation and microbial remediation method.
Conclusions The guest soil method is the most widely used and effective treatment technique, and phytoremediation technology is the best application prospect. A single remediation technique often has certain limitations in the actual remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in mines. It cannot meet the remediation needs, so a combined remediation method combining multiple remediation techniques can complement each other to achieve the best remediation effect.
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图 2 1983—2002年神通川流域受污染水稻（B~G区）和参考区（A区）水稻镉（Cd）平均浓度的变化（据Aoshima, 2016修改）
Figure 2.
图 3 电动修复原理示意图（据张小江等, 2021修改）
Figure 3.
图 4 修前后土壤重金属元素总浓度中位数比较柱状图（据Fernández-Caliani et al., 2021修改）
Figure 4.
表 1 世界上一些受污染矿区土壤中某些重金属元素的浓度
Table 1. Summary of concentrations of some heavy metals in some contaminated mining areas in the world
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表 4 植物固定修复土壤重金属所采用的植物及相应的改良剂
Table 4. List of hyperaccumulator plant species for phytoextraction and corresponding amendments
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