The basic characteristics and development potential evaluation of salt lake brine-type lithium deposits
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摘要:
研究目的 近年来，新能源发展势头强劲，锂电池需求旺盛，锂矿资源争夺激烈。相比于目前主要开发的硬岩型锂矿，盐湖卤水型锂矿有着“量大、绿色、经济”的优势，随着卤水提锂工艺的不断进步，盐湖型锂矿的产能将进一步得到释放；中国是盐湖卤水型锂矿的主要分布国家之一，占世界总资源量的比例排在第五位。在世界锂资源争夺战愈演愈烈的情况下，总结盐湖卤水型锂矿的分布特征、水化学类型分类和矿物组合，估算潜在资源量以及提出评价盐湖卤水型锂矿的方法，对合理安排勘查和开发投入，以及规划国家新能源资源具有重要意义。
研究方法 搜集已公开发表或出版的盐湖卤水型锂矿资料，从分布、成矿地质条件方面分析基本特征，并对潜在资源量估算以及开发利用潜力评价进行评述。
研究结果 全球盐湖卤水型锂矿资源丰富，但分布不均，主要集中在南美安第斯高原、美国西部高原和中国青藏高原3个盐湖聚集区，其形成主要受大地构造背景、断层活动断裂以及气候海拔等条件控制。中国青藏高原盐湖卤水型锂矿资源不同于另两大盐湖聚集区的是，其构造背景属于陆陆碰撞，而非洋壳俯冲。由南到北还可进一步分为西藏和青海两个盐湖地区，青海地区镁锂比较高，不适用于传统的蒸发沉淀法，新兴的提锂方法成本又较高，因而在开发和技术条件方面需要谨慎评价。
结论 通过已公开的相关资料，对南美安第斯高原、美国西部高原和中国青藏高原3个盐湖聚集区的含矿系数N和收获系数HI进行了计算，提出了估算潜在资源量的一般公式。并依据盐湖卤水锂矿开发评价的关键要点，运用lg(Li+)-lg(Mg/Li)碳酸锂价格象限判别图解对世界各大盐湖聚集区锂矿的品质进行评价，结果表明：当锂价格处于低位（碳酸锂价格≤10万元/t）时，盐湖品质排序为：中国西藏地区>南美安第斯高原>美国西部高原>中国青海地区；当锂价格处于中高位（碳酸锂价格>10万元/t）时，排序为：南美安第斯高原>中国西藏地区>中国青海地区>美国西部高原。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective In recent years, the new energy industry sees a robust growth with strong demand for lithium batteries and fierce competition for lithium resources. Compared with hard rock-type lithium deposits, which are currently the main type for lithium exploitation, salt lake brine-type lithium deposits have the advantages in reserves, environment-friendly and financial benefit. With the continuous improvement of lithium extraction technology from brine, the production capacity of salt lake brine-type lithium deposits will be further released. China is one of the countries where salt lake brine-type lithium deposits are mainly distributed, and the resources reserves is ranked 5th around the world. In the world-wide fierce competition for lithium resources, it is of great significance to summarize distribution regularity, hydrochemical classification and mineral combination of salt lake brine- type lithium deposits, while estimating potential resources and proposing an evaluation methods for salt lake brine-type lithium deposits also contribute to the arrangement of protesting and exploitation investment and the scheduling of new energy resources in our country.
Methods We collect the published data of salt lake brine-type lithium deposits, analyze the basic characteristics from the aspects of distribution and geological conditions of metallogenesis, and systematically summarize the estimation of potential resources and evaluation the potential in exploitation.
Results Lithium resources from salt lake brine-type deposits are abundant in the world, but the distribution is uneven. Salt lake brine-type lithium deposits are mainly located in the three major plateaus, namely the Andes Plateau in South America, the western Plateau of the United States and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. The genesis is mainly controlled by tectonic background, fault activities, climate and altitude. The difference between salt lake brinetype lithium deposits in the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau and those in other two salt lake accumulation areas is that the tectonic background of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is continental collision rather than oceanic crust subduction. The salt lakes in the QinghaiTibet Plateau can be further divided into two parts: the Tibet salt lake area and the Qinghai salt lake area from south to north. On the one hand, the salt lakes in Qinghai area has high Mg/Li ratio, so the exploitation is not suitable for the traditional evaporation precipitation method. On the other hand, new emerging lithium extraction methods cost high, as a result, the exploitation and technical conditions need to be evaluated carefully.
Conclusion Based on the published data, the ore-bearing coefficient"N"and harvest coefficient"HI"of three salt lake accumulation areas are calculated and the general formula for estimating the potential resources is also established. By considering the key points of exploitation evaluation of salt lake brine-type lithium deposits, the quality of lithium deposits in world-famous salt lake areas is evaluated by using the"lg(Li +)-lg(Mg/Li) combining the price of lithium carbonate discriminant diagram". The results show that if the price of lithium carbonate is below 100, 000 yuan/ton, the quality of salt lakes is ranked as follows: Tibet, China > Andean Plateau of South America > Western Plateau of the United States > Qinghai, China; if the price of lithium carbonate goes above 100, 000 yuan/ton, the order changes to: Andean Plateau of South America > Tibet China > Qinghai China > Western Plateau of the United States.
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图 7 中国青藏高原盐湖卤水型锂矿床分布图（修改自郑绵平和刘喜方, 2010）
Figure 7.
表 1 世界各国评估锂资源量（碳酸锂当量）统计表
Table 1. Statistical table of assessment of lithium resources (LCE) in countries of the world
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表 2 世界各国锂储量（碳酸锂）
Table 2. The lithium reserves (lithium carbonate) in countries of the world
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表 6 全球主要盐湖聚集区典型盐湖卤水型锂矿床信息
Table 6. Information on typical salt lake brine-type lithium deposits in major salt lake aggregation areas worldwide
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