Genesis of the Arqiale Pb-Zn-Cu Deposit in the Western Tianshan, Xinjiang: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Isotopes
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摘要:
阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床位于新疆西天山乌孙山脉西南缘，矿体产于下石炭统阿克沙克组灰岩中，其产状整体与地层基本一致。由于矿体具有层控特征，矿区地表和深部未见侵入岩体，导致该矿床与岩浆作用的关系尚不清楚。成矿过程大致可分为4个阶段：石榴子石–辉石阶段（I）、阳起石–黑柱石阶段（II）、石英–方解石–多金属硫化物阶段（III）和碳酸盐阶段（IV）。阶段Ⅱ阳起石与阶段Ⅲ石英、方解石和闪锌矿主要发育气液两相水包裹体（L–V型）以及少量单相液相水包裹体（L型）。阶段Ⅱ中阳起石L–V型包裹体均一温度和盐度分别为278～425 ℃和2.1～13.0 wt.% NaCl eqv，阶段Ⅲ热液矿物中L–V型包裹体均一温度和盐度分别为162～342 ℃和0.5～9.0 wt.% NaCl eqv。流体包裹体和C–H–O同位素组成特征显示，初始成矿流体主要为岩浆水，后期大气降水逐渐混入，导致成矿温度和盐度的降低以及矿物质的沉淀。矿石中硫化物的δ34S值变化范围较大（−7.57‰～1.30‰），Pb同位素具有壳幔混合特征。综合矿床地质、流体包裹体和同位素特征，推断阿尔恰勒属于远端矽卡岩型Pb–Zn–Cu矿床，其成矿物质具有深部岩浆和地层的混源特征。矿区内矿体由南侧浅部的Pb–Zn矿化逐步过渡到北侧深部的Cu±Zn矿化，暗示矿区北部深部可能存在隐伏的含矿岩体及接触带铜矿体。
Abstract:The Arqiale Pb–Zn–Cu deposit is located in the southwestern margin of the Wusun Mountain in the Western Tianshan, Xinjiang Province. The orebodies occur in the limestone of Lower Carboniferous Akeshake Formation and are generally consistent with the strata in occurrence. Considering that the orebodies are stratabound and no magmatic rocks are identified in the orefield, whether the deposit is related to magmatism remains controversial. Ore–forming process can be divided into four stages, including garnet-pyroxene stage (I), actinolite–ilvaite stage (II), quartz–calcite–polymetallic sulfide stage (III) and carbonate stage (IV). Two types of inclusions have been identified in the actinolite from stage Ⅱ and quartz, calcite and sphalerite from stage Ⅲ, including the two–phase aqueous inclusions (L–V type) and mono-phase liquid aqueous inclusions (L type). The L–V type inclusions in actinolite have homogenization temperatures and salinities ranging from 278℃ to 425 ℃ and 2.1 wt.% NaCl eqv to 13.0 wt.% NaCl eqv, respectively. By contrast, the L–V type inclusions in stage III hydrothermal minerals have homogenization temperatures and salinities ranging from 162℃ to 342 ℃ and 0.5 wt.% NaCl eqv to 9.0 wt.% NaCl eqv, respectively. Fluid inclusions and C–H–O isotopic compositions indicate that the initial ore-forming fluids were mainly source from magmatic water, with increasing input of meteoric water with time, leading to the decrease of temperatures and salinities, as well as the precipitation of ore-forming materials. The δ34S rations of sulfides in the ores have a wide range (−7.57‰～1.30‰), and the Pb isotopic compositions have the characteristics of crust–mantle mixing. Combined evidence from geology, fluid inclusions and S–Pb–C–H–O isotopes indicate that the Arqiale Pb–Zn–Cu deposit belongs to the distal skarn type deposit, with the ore–forming materials sourcing partially from the magmatic rocks at depth and partially from the strata. The orebodies in the ore field gradually transit from Pb–Zn orebodies at shallow in the south to Cu ± Zn orebodies at depth in the north, implying that the concealed causative intrusions and skarn Cu orebodies in the contact zone may occur in the deep part in the north of the mining area.
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Key words:
- fluid inclusions /
- S–Pb isotope /
- Distal skarn deposit /
- Arqiale /
- Western Tianshan
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图 1 中亚造山带构造简图（a、伊犁地块位置简图（b）和伊什基里克成矿带构造简图（c）（据魏虎等，2013；胡耀华，2016；Gao et al.，2009；Dai et al.，2019修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿区地质图（据Dai et al.，2019）
Figure 2.
图 3 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床3号勘探线剖面图（据Dai et al.，2019修改）
Figure 3.
图 8 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床流体包裹体均一温度–盐度散点图（据Wilkinson，2001）
Figure 8.
图 9 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床成矿流体H–O同位素图解（底图a据Taylor，1974）和方解石–灰岩–大理岩的C–O同位素图解（底图b据Hedenquist et al.，1994）
Figure 9.
图 10 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿S同位素直方图（a）和其他S同位素储库对比（b）（其他储库据Hoefs，2009）
Figure 10.
图 11 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床矿石中硫化物Pb同位素模式图（底图据Zartman et al.，1981修改）
Figure 11.
表 1 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床气液两相水流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 1. Temperature measurement results of two–phase aqueous inclusions from the Arqiale Pb–Zn–Cu deposit
成矿阶段 宿主矿物 包裹体类型（数量） 冰点温度（℃） 均一温度（℃） 盐度（wt.% NaCl eqv） 密度（g/m³） 阶段Ⅱ 阳起石 L–V（84） −9.1～−1.2 278～425 2.1～13.0 0.6～0.9 阶段Ⅲ 闪锌矿 L–V（7） −5.4～−2.6 226～265 4.3～8.4 0.8～0.9 方解石 L–V（111） −5.8～−0.3 162～311 0.5～9.0 0.7～1.0 石英 L–V（3） −5.4～1.8 230～342 3.1～8.1 0.7～0.9 
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表 2 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床热液方解石、灰岩和大理岩C–O同位素组成
Table 2. C–O isotopic compositions of hydrothermal calcite, limestone and marble from the Arqiale Pb–Zn–Cu deposit
样号 样品名称 δ13CV-PDB（‰） δ18OV-PDB（‰） δ18OV-SMOW（‰） 资料来源 AE-46 方解石 0.4 −20.6 9.6 本文 AE-75-2 方解石 −0.6 −16.8 13.6 AE-95 方解石 −2.8 −26.6 3.5 AE-107 含化石灰岩 2.1 −13.3 17.1 AE-108 含化石灰岩 2.5 −19.8 10.5 AE-109 含化石灰岩 2.1 −14.6 15.9 AE-42 不含化石灰岩 0.5 −23.5 6.7 AE-50 不含化石灰岩 0.6 −20.7 9.5 AE-54 不含化石灰岩 0.3 −14.3 16.2 AE-58 大理岩 0.8 −22.1 8.1 AE-61 大理岩 −0.3 −20.8 9.5 AE-63 大理岩 2.0 −22.3 7.9 A6 方解石 0.4 −26.0 4.1 Dai et al.，2019 A10 方解石 0.9 −18.3 12.0 A19 方解石 0.1 −25.8 4.3 A20 方解石 −0.2 −26.4 3.7 A22 方解石 0.3 −22.3 7.9 A32 方解石 0.1 −25.4 4.7 A39 方解石 0.2 −24.8 5.4 A46 方解石 0.6 −19.5 10.8 A47 方解石 0.5 −19.7 10.6 A48 方解石 0.8 −19.2 11.1 A49 方解石 0.7 −18.6 11.7 A50 方解石 0.9 −19.0 11.3 A51 方解石 0.6 −19.0 11.3 A55 方解石 0.1 −25.5 4.6 A61 方解石 −0.9 −26.7 3.4 A73 方解石 1.1 −23.8 6.4 AE-75-1 方解石 −0.9 −25.4 4.8 Peng et al.，2022 AE-84 方解石 −1.9 −22.5 7.7 AE-112 方解石 −2.4 −26.1 4.0 AE-115 方解石 −1.0 −24.0 6.2 AE-120 方解石 −2.6 −26.9 3.2
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表 3 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床矿石中硫化物S同位素组成
Table 3. Sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfides in the ores from the Arqiale Pb–Zn–Cu deposit
样品号 矿物 δ34SV-CDT（‰） 资料来源 样品号 矿物 δ34SV-CDT（‰） 资料来源 AECcp-1 黄铜矿 −5.63 Peng et al.，2022 A31-2 闪锌矿 0.70 Dai et al.，2019 AECcp-2 黄铜矿 −5.81 A45 闪锌矿 −7.00 AECcp-3 黄铜矿 −5.56 A52 闪锌矿 −4.10 AECcp-4 黄铜矿 −6.18 A53 闪锌矿 −6.80 AESpy-1 闪锌矿 −6.43 A54 闪锌矿 0.70 AESpy-2 闪锌矿 −6.03 A60-2 闪锌矿 −6.70 AESpy-3 闪锌矿 −5.92 A63 闪锌矿 0.70 AESpy-4 闪锌矿 −7.12 A82 闪锌矿 1.10 AEPy-1 黄铁矿 −7.13 A56 黄铜矿 −0.10 AEPy-2 黄铁矿 −7.57 A69 黄铜矿 1.20 安玉伟，2013 AEPy-3 黄铁矿 −7.47 A105 黄铜矿 0.90 AEPy-4 黄铁矿 −6.66 A91 黄铜矿 −2.60 A1-1 方铅矿 −0.50 Dai et al.，2019 A113 黄铁矿 −0.40 A2 方铅矿 −1.10 A112 黄铁矿 0.60 A7-1 方铅矿 −1.10 A115 黄铁矿 0.20 A9-1 方铅矿 −0.90 AQL01 方铅矿 1.30 A23 方铅矿 −0.80 AQL02 方铅矿 −4.70 A31-1 方铅矿 −1.50 AQL07 方铅矿 −3.70 A60-1 方铅矿 −7.10 AQL16 方铅矿 −2.60 A1-2 闪锌矿 0.90 AQL01 闪锌矿 −4.20 A4 闪锌矿 0.80 AQL02 闪锌矿 −0.10 A7-2 闪锌矿 0.50 AQL07 闪锌矿 −2.50 A9-2 闪锌矿 0.80 AQL16 闪锌矿 −2.20
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表 4 阿尔恰勒Pb–Zn–Cu矿床矿石中硫化物Pb同位素组成
Table 4. Pb isotope compositions of sulfides of ores from the Arqiale Pb–Zn–Cu deposit
样号 矿物 206Pb/204Pb 207Pb/204Pb 208Pb/204Pb μ ω Th/U 来源 AE-81-13 方铅矿 18.267 15.567 38.065 9.41 35.46 3.65 Peng et al.， 2022 AE-81-14 方铅矿 18.266 15.566 38.059 9.41 35.42 3.64 AE-81-15 方铅矿 18.262 15.561 38.049 9.40 35.36 3.64 AE-81-16 方铅矿 18.269 15.567 38.062 9.41 35.43 3.64 AE-81-17 方铅矿 18.266 15.565 38.058 9.41 35.41 3.64 A2 方铅矿 18.290 15.643 38.294 9.56 36.98 3.74 Dai et al.，2019 A7-1 方铅矿 18.277 15.628 38.242 9.53 36.70 3.73 A9-1 方铅矿 18.298 15.650 38.314 9.57 37.09 3.75 A23 方铅矿 18.305 15.656 38.338 9.59 37.21 3.76 A31-1 方铅矿 18.227 15.552 37.996 9.39 35.25 3.63 A60-1 方铅矿 18.318 15.659 38.348 9.59 37.21 3.76 A1-1 闪锌矿 18.286 15.635 38.282 9.55 36.88 3.74 A1-2 闪锌矿 18.272 15.614 38.201 9.51 36.43 3.71 A4 闪锌矿 18.282 15.633 38.262 9.54 36.80 3.73 A7-2 闪锌矿 18.300 15.651 38.319 9.58 37.11 3.75 A31-2 闪锌矿 18.273 15.610 38.190 9.50 36.34 3.70 A45 闪锌矿 18.295 15.615 38.204 9.51 36.32 3.70 A52 闪锌矿 18.270 15.592 38.134 9.46 35.96 3.68 A53 闪锌矿 18.285 15.613 38.204 9.50 36.36 3.70 A54 闪锌矿 18.266 15.599 38.159 9.48 36.14 3.69 A60-2 闪锌矿 18.324 15.667 38.365 9.61 37.32 3.76 A63 闪锌矿 18.990 15.600 38.491 9.41 33.79 3.48 A82 闪锌矿 18.473 15.723 38.720 9.70 38.49 3.84 A56 黄铜矿 18.314 15.670 38.381 9.61 37.47 3.77 A69 黄铜矿 18.287 15.577 38.068 9.43 35.45 3.64 A105 黄铜矿 18.308 15.668 38.372 9.61 37.45 3.77 A91 黄铜矿 18.300 15.651 38.317 9.58 37.10 3.75 A113 黄铁矿 21.518 15.946 38.182 10.79 28.83 2.59 A112 黄铁矿 18.319 15.647 38.331 9.57 37.02 3.74 A115 黄铁矿 18.310 15.579 38.070 9.43 35.36 3.63
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