Introduction to the Methods of Ecology−Geological Survey for Servicing Ecological Civilization: Example from Ecology−Supporting Sphere Survey
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摘要:
服务生态文明是新时期赋予地质调查工作的新使命，广义上相关调查工作都可称之为生态地质调查。由于处于初期摸索阶段，缺少成熟的技术规范支撑，生态地质相关调查工作内容不是十分清晰。因此，梳理相关概念的内涵、厘清工作思路、明确调查内容对于实现任务目标具有重要的意义。笔者以表生地质过程对地表生态发育的制约作用为线索，从地球系统科学的角度探讨生态地质调查的任务与目标，并提出生态地质学属于“地质+”范畴。基于陆地生态系统不同地质−地貌单元的表生地质过程，以地表基质调查为例，从剥蚀区到沉积区将陆地生态系统划分为浅山−丘陵区、河流−湖泊−湿地区、平原−盆地区。根据不同调查单元的表生地质特征，分别阐述相关调查内容、调查手段及布署原则。在此基础上，探讨地表基质调查的成果表达方式与应用，以期为其他相关生态地质调查工作提供借鉴和参考。
Abstract:In the new era, serving ecological civilization is a new duty entrusted to China geological survey. In a broad sense, all related geological survey can be called the eco−geological survey. Due to lacking of technical standards to support the work in the initial exploration stage, in fact, the content of eco−geological survey work is still unclear. So, it is greatly significant for achieving the objectives to sort out the connotation of relevant concepts, clarify work ideas, and determine survey contents. In this case, tasks and objectives of eco−geological survey will be discussed on the basis of the theory of Earth system science, in which the clue between geology and ecology is the constraints of supergene geological process on the surficial ecological development. Therefore, it is proposed that ecological geology belongs to the category of "Geology +". Based on the surface geological processes of different geological and geomorphic units in terrestrial ecosystems, this study selects ecology−supporting sphere survey as an example, and divides the terrestrial ecosystem into three types from erosion area to sedimentary area, for example, shallow mountain−hill area, river−lake−wetland area, and plain−basin area. According to the geological characteristics of different survey units, detail explanations are stated respectively for the survey content, survey methods, and methods. Consequently, the expression of achievements and their applications are discussed, which will provide a reference for other related ecology−geological survey works.
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图 1 陆地生态系统中地表物质组成分布结构示意图（据朱永官等 ，2015修改）
Figure 1.
表 1 地表基质调查内容–要素指标体系表（据中国地质调查局“地表基质调查工程”提供修改）
Table 1. Surface substrate survey content–element index system of black soil (Provided by the surface matrix investigation project from the China Geological Survey)
调查内容 要 素 地质–地貌类型 获取手段 低山–丘陵区（基岩区） 山前过渡带 平原–盆地区 河流–湖泊–湿地 景观属性 地质景观 不同基质形成的地层单位、构造单元、沉积相等 收集资料
野外调查地理景观 地貌特征（高原、平原、盆地、山地、丘陵、荒漠、岩溶区等；低山、丘陵、漫川漫岗、平原、坳谷等）；地形特征（陡坡、缓坡、平地等） 收集资料
遥感解译
野外调查时空结构 平面特征 二级分类、岩性、形成时代、风化特征等 二级分类、砾质类型、形成时代、成因类型、砾石含量、原岩成分等 二级分类、土壤质地、形成时代、土壤类型、土地利用类型等 二级分类、泥质类型、形成时代、成因类型等 收集资料
野外调查垂向特征 风化壳厚度 垂向分层、厚度、结构特征等 垂向结构特征、黑土层厚度、耕层厚度、有效土层厚度、障碍层深度及厚度、成土母质 垂向分层、厚度、结构特征等 最大调查
深度基岩顶面 50 m 50 m 水体以下2 m 野外调查 理化性质 物理特征 土壤物质组成与质地、岩石风化程度等 土壤的质地、成土母质物质组成与结构；胶结或松散程度、胶结物成分、持水能力等 土壤含水率、结构、质地、容重、孔隙度；成土母质的结构及物质组成等 颜色、
物质组成收集资料
野外调查
分析测试化学成分 主量元素、部分营养元素、有益元素 主量元素、部分营养元素、有益元素 土壤化学指标：pH、阳离子交换量、全盐量、有机碳、全碳、黏土矿物等
土壤养分指标：全氮、全磷、全钾、Se等
基质层元素指标：主量元素、部分营养元素、有益元素pH值、
有机质等收集资料
分析测试生态属性 表观生态 地表水类型、分布；植被类型、覆盖度；侵蚀类型、侵蚀程度等 收集资料 内部生态 地下水水位、水质 地下水水位、水质等 收集资料
野外调查
分析测试气候环境 气候带类型（热带雨林气，候、干燥气候、温带多雨气候等），年、月平均温度变化，年积温，年平均降雨量、蒸发量、年均风速等 收集资料 
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