Dynamic Evolution of Eco−geological Pattern: Taking Danjiangyuan Area of Central Line Project of South−to−North Water Diversion
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摘要:
以南水北调中线工程水源涵养区丹江源地区为研究区，采用坡面调查方法，梳理不同地质建造上的典型生态关键带生态地质特征，利用ENVI 5. 3、ArcGIS 10.2及Fragstats4.2软件，解译分析区内2000、2010、2020年3期土地利用时空演变和景观格局演变特征。结果表明：①受构造地质背景影响，各地质建造垂向上形成不同的地形地貌、成土母质、土壤类型、水文类型，在以上立地条件的综合影响下形成了不同的生态地质格局。②区内林地比例占绝对优势，林地和耕地占比85%以上，其他土地类型比例偏低。2000～2020年土地利用类型变化显著，水域、耕地和建设用地面积变化较为剧烈。区内自然景观和人造景观之间转入转出频繁，但整体土地利用变化对生态环境扰动较少。林地和耕地将长期是水源地主要的土地利用类型，直接影响着其生态环境效应。③丹江源地区2000～2020年景观空间格局变化明显，尤其在2010～2020年景观生态过程较活跃。区内各斑块类型趋于规则呈均衡趋势分布，斑块类型间形成了良好的连接性，景观聚集程度逐渐提升，空间分布趋向集中。④南水北调中线工程建设进一步保障了研究区林地基数和水域面积的稳定增长，丹江源地区的生态趋势向好；调水工程及城市化进程建设及保护水源地的移民搬迁导致区内建设用地大幅度增加，存在草地退化和耕地减少现象。建议合理配置土地资源，优化土地利用结构，加强林地和耕地保护及生态补偿，将有利于丹江源地区社会经济和生态环境的可持续发展。
Abstract:Taking Danjiangyuan area of central line project of south–to–north water diversion as the research area, the eco–geological characteristics of typical eco–critical zones in different geological formation were combed by slope survey. This paper extracts remote sensing data from 2000 to 2020 to interpret land use types and analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of land use and the evolution characteristics of landscape pattern with the help of ENVI 5.3, ArcGIS 10.2 and Fragstats4.2 software. The results show that each geological formation forms different landforms, soil parent material, soil types and hydrological types in vertical influenced by the structural geology setting. Different eco–geological patterns have been formed under the comprehensive influence of the above site conditions. The proportion of forest land is absolutely dominant, with forest land and arable land accounting for more than 85%, while the proportion of other land types is low. The types of land use changed significantly from the year of 2000 to 2020. Water area, cultivated land and construction land have changed dramatically. There are frequent transfers between natural landscapes and artificial landscapes in the area, and land use changes have less disturbance to the ecological environment. Forest and cultivated land are the main land use types of water source land for a long time, which directly affect their ecological and environmental effects. From 2000 to 2020, the landscape spatial pattern changed significantly, especially from 2010 to 2020, the landscape ecological process was more active. The patch types in the area tend to be distributed regularly and in a balanced trend, with good connectivity between patch types, the degree of landscape aggregation gradually increases, and the spatial distribution tends to be concentrated. The construction of central line project of south–to–north water diversion has further guaranteed the stable growth of the forest land base and water area in the study area, and the ecological trend in Danjiangyuan area is improving. Water transfer projects, urbanization construction and resettlement of protected water source areas have resulted in a substantial increase in construction land in the area, with grassland degradation and arable land reduction. It is suggested that rational allocation of land resources, optimization of land use structure, strengthening of forest land and cultivated land protection and ecological compensation will be conducive to the sustainable development of social economy and ecological environment in Danjiangyuan area.
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Key words:
- water conservation area /
- Danjiangyuan area /
- eco–geology /
- land use change /
- landscape pattern
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表 1 景观格局指数选取及指示意义
Table 1. Selection and indicative significance of landscape pattern index
景观单元特征指数 指标选取 指示意义 景观面积度量指标 斑块类型面积（CA） CA值的大小影响着斑块类型聚集地中的物种数量及丰度 斑块类型比（PLAND） PLAND指某一斑块类型占整个景观面积的相对比例 最大斑块指数（LPI） LPI主要表示某一景观类型最大斑块占整个景观面积的比例，决定了景观优劣斑块，反应景观变化受人类活动干扰程度 景观面积（TA） TA定义景观幅度，是监测生态系统是否稳定的重要指标 景观形状指标 景观形状指数（LSI） LSI反映景观和斑块形状的分散和规则程度，值越大说明景观形状越复杂 景观邻近度指标 香农多样性指数（SHDI） SHDI表示景观类型的复杂程度，值越小斑块类型越少，值增大说明斑块类型增加或各斑块类型在景观中呈均衡化趋势分布 景观聚集与分散度
测量指标蔓延度指数（CONTAG） CONTAG反映景观类型的聚集程度和延展程度，高蔓延度值表明某种优势斑块类型具有良好的连通性 散布与并列指数（IJI） IJI反映斑块类型的隔离分布情况 聚集度指数（AI） AI是基于栅格数量来测度景观或者某种斑块类型的聚集程度 注：各景观格局指数计算公式和详细意义可参阅相关文献（何鹏等，2009；孙天成等，2019）。 
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表 2 丹江源地区2000～2020年土地动态度变化
Table 2. Changes of land dynamic attitude from 2000 to 2020 in Danjiangyuan area
土地利用类型土地动态度 2000～2010年 2010～2020年 2000～2020年 耕地
林地
草地
水域
建设用地
未利用土地−0.32%
0.10%
−0.67%
3.54%
3.98%
−0.08%−1.05%
−0.09%
0.20%
3.66%
13.89%
0.07%−0.67%
0.01%
−0.24%
8.51%
11.70%
−0.05%
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表 3 丹江源地区2010～2020年3期斑块类型水平的景观格局指数
Table 3. Landscape pattern indices of patch types in the Danjiangyuan area from 2010 to 2020
斑块类型 年份 CA（km2） PLAND（%） LPI（%） LSI IJI AI 林地 2000 1240.4300 76.0300 72.6400 17.4570 39.6831 98.0450 2010 1253.2700 75.8700 72.4600 17.6510 34.3240 98.0204 2020
20001242.2100
321.120075.1900
20.810071.4900 16.8271 37.6794 98.1100
88.0625耕地 20.2100 53.5204 53.9354 2010 310.8700 21.0200 20.4700 53.1127 47.0259 88.2095 2020 278.1700 20.8100 17.1600 57.3163 48.3957 87.2000 草地 2000 171.9900 2.7400 0.1900 84.8531 28.3333 47.1916 2010 160.3900 2.5300 0.0500 85.8279 23.7656 44.2992 2020 163.6400 2.7500 0.0500 95.8660 19.9750 40.3615 水域 2000 2.6800 0.0400 0.0300 8.1220 71.1135 62.7075 2010 3.6300 0.0600 0.0400 6.5652 62.6626 73.7705 2020 4.9600 0.0800 0.0700 6.7037 72.2046 77.8098 建设用地 2000 20.1800 0.3400 0.1000 12.7699 47.8730 78.5033 2010 28.2200 0.4700 0.1400 13.2256 42.9460 81.0820 2020 67.4100 1.1300 0.8000 14.8398 49.5618 86.4070 未利用土地 2000 0.4700 0.0400 0.0800 2.1938 31.5743 38.8427 2010 0.5000 0.0500 0.0900 2.7472 32.2674 39.3754 2020 0.4900 0.0400 0.0800 2.3584 31.6832 38.7120 注：由于各土地利用类型斑块类型面积统计存在四舍五入，面积总和与研究区总面积有略微出入。
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表 4 丹江源地区2000~2020年景观水平的景观格局指数
Table 4. Landscape pattern index of the Danjiangyuan area from 2000 to 2020
年份 TA（km2） LSI CONTAG IJI SHDI AI 2000 1757.0000 27.8229 73.2957 45.5026 0.6557 94.4950 2010 1757.0000 27.7720 75.9058 39.2190 0.6596 94.5070 2020 1757.0000 29.7378 74.7040 40.4132 0.6963 94.1028 注：TA. 景观面积；LSl. 景观形状指数；CONTAG. 蔓延度指数；IJI. 散布与并列指数；SHDI. 香农多样性指数；Al. 聚集度指数。
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