Theoretical Analysis and Practical Exploration on Ecological Restoration of Mines with Multi-source Solid Wastes: Example from Yulin City, Shaanxi Province
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摘要:
矿山环境修复治理与固体废弃物综合利用均是北方能源富集区亟待解决的生态问题。笔者基于“理论解析−案例研究−协同治理”的思路，以陕西榆林市为例，在系统分析工业固废与矿山生态受损现状的基础上，全面解析煤基固废协同修复矿山生态的政策优势、技术可行性及市场潜力，并提出基于固废结构、营养和环境功能改性制备土壤调理剂的路径技术。通过将土壤调理剂应用于风沙地治理、盐碱地改良和露天煤矿排土场土壤生态修复实践，发现施用土壤调理剂后风沙地、盐碱地和排土场土壤养分含量显著增加，植物生物量平均增幅分别为50.3%、36.0%和39.9%。研究成果为北方能源型城市煤基固废协同修复矿山土壤生态提供科学支撑。
Abstract:Mine environmental restoration and the comprehensive utilization of solid waste are two ecological issues that are highly concerned by the whole society at present. Based on the idea of "theoretical analysis−case study−collaborative governance", taking Yulin, Shaanxi Province as an example, this paper comprehensively analyzes the policy advantages, technical feasibility and market potential of multi-source solid waste collaborative mine ecological restoration on the basis of systematic analysis of the current situation of industrial solid waste and mine ecological restoration. Secondly, based on the multi-source solid waste modification of structure, nutrition and environmental function, a soil conditioner was prepared. Finally, through the practical exploration of applying soil conditioner to sand treatment, saline alkali land improvement and soil ecological restoration of mine waste dump, it is found that the average increase of above−ground biomass of plants in sand land, saline alkali land and waste dump after applying soil conditioner is 50.3%, 36.0% and 39.9% respectively. The present manuscript may provide scientific support for the coordinated ecological restoration of multi-source solid wastes in northern energy cities.
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Key words:
- coal based solid waste /
- ecological restoration /
- soil conditioner /
- analysis
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表 1 典型煤基固废营养元素及重金属含量表
Table 1. Nutrient elements and heavy metal content of typical coal-based solid waste
名 称 有机质（g/kg） 碱解氮（mg/kg） 速效磷（mg/kg） SiO2（%） Al2O3（%） Fe2O3（%） CaO（%） MgO（%） K2O（%） 粉煤灰 14.2 8.5 92.8 61.81 21.51 7.39 1.72 1.39 2.69 煤矸石 6.81 9.3 76.9 59.22 29.72 1.58 0.26 0.68 1.55 名称 Cr（mg/kg） Ni（mg/kg） Cu（mg/kg） Zn（mg/kg） Se（mg/kg） Cd（mg/kg） Pb（mg/kg） Hg（mg/kg） – 粉煤灰 22.3 14.2 4.5 60.0 12.7 0.36 10.2 0.03 – 煤矸石 42.5 23.9 34.0 45.2 3.7 0.34 15.8 0.03 – 国家标准① 250 220 100 300 25 0.6 170 3.4 – 注：①采用农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）（GB15618-2018）。 
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表 2 煤基固废用于生态修复的技术及实例表
Table 2. Technology and examples of coal based solid waste used for ecological restoration
固废种类 立地条件 实施地点 主要内容 研究机构 粉煤灰 盐碱土 山东滨州市 耐盐菌复配工业固体废弃物改良盐碱土 南京农业大学（王悦等，2023） 赤红壤 华南某地 复合土壤调理剂修复土壤镉（Cd）污染 广东省地质检测试验中心（曹鹏等，2023） 砂土 银川市 粉煤灰配施有机肥改良风沙土 宁夏大学（田超，2022） 煤矸石 矸石 辽宁阜新市 微生物菌剂混施对煤矸石及苜蓿的影响 辽宁工程技术大学（孔涛等，2023） 褐土 北京市 煤矸石复配玉米秸秆、聚丙烯酰胺对植被生长及重金属的影响 北京林业大学（张汝翀等，2018） 沙土 呼和浩特市 煤矸石与城市污泥混合制备植生基质 北京林业大学（秦琪焜等，2022）
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表 3 试验地土壤和土壤调理剂的基本性质表
Table 3. Basic properties of soil and soil conditioner in the test site
指标 风沙地 盐碱地 排土场 土壤调理剂 黄绵土背景值① 国家标准/GB15618-2018② 有机质（g/kg） 2.72 7.44 5.1 22.60 – – 有效氮（mg/kg） 9.65 28.25 18.07 48.28 – – 速效磷（mg/kg） 7.15 11.2 14.5 1689 – – 速效钾（mg/kg） 1.57 82.8 69.99 125 – – 含盐量（g/kg） 0.55 2.4 0.47 0.70 – – pH 8.64 9.11 8.19 7.73 – – Cr（mg/kg） 21 12 24 39 65.10 250.00 Ni（mg/kg） 16 18 19 23 27.6 190.00 Cu（mg/kg） 6 9 7 70 18.90 100.00 Zn（mg/kg） 26 32 31 190 65.60 300.00 As（mg/kg） 0.79 1.03 1.98 4.77 11.40 25.0 Cd（mg/kg） 0.01 0.05 0.03 ND – 0.60 Hg（mg/kg） 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.09 – 3.40 注：①引自《黄土高原土壤地球化学》；②《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》。
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表 4 典型立地条件不同处理土壤理化性质变化表
Table 4. Changes in soil physicochemical properties under typical site conditions
立地条件 指标 处理 CK SD-T1/SA-T1 SD-T2/SA-T2 风沙地 有机质（g/kg） 2.45±0.12c 2.96±0.24b 2.66±0.10b 3.33±0.16a 有效氮（mg/kg） 16.20±0.81d 24.6±1.23c 28.3±1.42b 34.3±1.72a 速效磷（mg/kg） 17.6±0.88c 19.0±0.95c 28.30±1.42b 33.40±1.67a 速效钾（mg/kg） 58.00±2.9b 84.10±4.21a 89.80±4.07a 89.90±4.57a pH 8.54±0.06a 8.47±0.11a 8.45±0.10a 8.42±0.14a 盐碱地 有机质（g/kg） 10.21±0.24d 14.26±0.38a 13.55±0.10b 12.03±0.16c 有效氮（mg/kg） 17.44±0.03d 22.45±0.12c 28.43±0.20a 27.87±0.15b 速效磷（mg/kg） 34.97±0.33b 38.82±0.96a 37.54±0.32a 38.50±1.28a 速效钾（mg/kg） 119.80±0.51a 106.12±0.34d 110.55±0.14b 107.18±0.45c pH 8.56±0.06b 8.97±0.11a 8.15±0.10c 8.49±0.14b 排土场 有机质（g/kg） 5.10±0.53b 6.12±0.82a – – 有效氮（mg/kg） 18.07±1.22b 33.62±3.23a – -- 速效磷（mg/kg） 14.50±1.03b 22.8±1.02a – – 速效钾（mg/kg） 69.99±2.25a 72.8±2.31a – -- pH 8.19±0.11a 8.01±0.09a – – 注：不同字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。
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