某化工厂土壤与地下水Cr<sup>6+</sup>污染分布及健康风险

马海珍; 张振师; 李权; 许林; 戈洋; 杨贞

doi:10.12401/j.nwg.2023101

某化工厂土壤与地下水Cr⁶⁺污染分布及健康风险

中国电建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司，陕西西安　710054

基金项目: 2021年度中央水污染防治专项项目（第一批）资助。

详细信息

作者简介: 马海珍（1994−），女，硕士，主要从事土壤与地下水环境污染风险评估、预测及修复工作。E–mail：mhz547367@163.com

中图分类号: P641.12；X523

收稿日期: 2022-08-05

修回日期: 2023-03-02

录用日期: 2023-05-22

刊出日期: 2024-02-20

Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Cr⁶⁺ in Soil and Groundwater of a Chemical Plant

Northwest Engineering Corporation Limited, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China

Received Date: 05 August 2022

Revised Date: 02 March 2023

Accepted Date: 22 May 2023

Publish Date: 20 February 2024

摘要

摘要:
为掌握某化工厂Cr⁶⁺污染状况及风险水平，在研究区布设土壤与地下水采样点各19个，测定Cr⁶⁺含量，分析污染特征与成因，并开展健康风险评估。结果表明：表层土壤（0～0.5 m）Cr⁶⁺超标率为42.11%，其浓度随深度增加总体上降低，但在地下水位附近（15～20 m）回升，主要因长期淋溶作用使污染物向下迁移至含水层位富集。浅层地下水Cr⁶⁺超标率为73.68%，深层地下水超标率为37.50%。整体而言该区土壤和地下水Cr⁶⁺污染形势不容乐观，应开展水土协同治理。空间上表层土壤Cr⁶⁺分布受人类活动影响，与投产期厂内功能区的划分相关性较低。地下水Cr⁶⁺受水动力场影响，表现为西北高东南低，污染羽中心向下游方向迁移。土壤致癌风险均值为1.85×10⁻⁶，介于10⁻⁶~10⁻⁴，风险中等，应引起必要重视。非致癌风险低于1，无慢性毒害影响。经口摄入土壤为主要暴露途径。地下水致癌风险高达10⁻²数量级，远超过10⁻⁴，风险不可接受。非致癌风险均值51.62，远大于1，极可能引发慢性毒害效应。另外需进一步考虑Cr⁶⁺通过牛羊肉食物链进入人体的危害。
- 重金属 /
- 铬 /
- 污染特征 /
- 健康风险
Abstract:
In order to clarify the Cr⁶⁺ pollution status and risk level of a chemical plant, 19 soil and groundwater sampling points were laid in the study area, and the content of Cr⁶⁺ was measured, to analyze the pollution characteristics and causes, and to carry out health risk assessment. The results showed that the excess rate of Cr⁶⁺ in topsoil (0~0.5 m) was 42.11%. In general, the Cr⁶⁺ concentration in soil decreased with the increase of depth, but it rose up near the groundwater level (15~20 m), which was mainly due to the long-term leaching effect that the pollutants migrated down to the aquifer and enriched. The excess rate of Cr⁶⁺ in shallow and deep groundwater was 73.68% and 37.50%, respectively. Overall, the Cr⁶⁺ pollution is not optimistic, and comprehensive water-soil treatment should be carried out. At the spatial scale the distribution of Cr⁶⁺ in topsoil was affected by human activities, and had a low correlation with the division of functional zones. And under the influence of hydrodynamic field, Cr⁶⁺ in groundwater is higher in the northwest than the southeast, and the center of the pollution plume has migrated downstream. In addition, the mean value of soil carcinogenic risk is 1.85×10⁻⁶, which is between 10⁻⁶ and 10⁻⁴, and the risk is moderate, which should be paid more attention to. Soil non-carcinogenic risk is less than 1 and doesn’t produce chronic toxic effects. Oral ingestion of soil was the main exposure route. The carcinogenic risk of groundwater is up to the order of 10⁻², much more than 10⁻⁴, which is unacceptable. The average non-carcinogenic risk is 51.62, much higher than 1, which may cause chronic toxic effects. In addition, the health hazards caused by Cr⁶⁺ entering the human body through the beef and mutton food chain should be further studied.
- heavy metal /
- chromium /
- pollution characteristics /
- health risk assessment

HTML全文

图 1 采样点位置图

Figure 1.

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图 2 表层土壤中Cr⁶⁺的空间分布图

Figure 2.

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图 3 土壤中Cr⁶⁺随深度变化规律图

Figure 3.

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图 4 地下水中Cr⁶⁺空间分布图

Figure 4.

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表 1 健康风险评价模型相关参数表

Table 1. Parameters of health risk assessment model

类型	参数	单位	取值	数据来源
暴露量评估	ABS_d	/	0.001	王珊等，2019
	R_s	mg/d	100	《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）
	ED	a	25
	EF	d/a	250
	BW	kg	61.8
	ABS_o	/	1
	AT	d	致癌：27740；非致癌：9125
	SSAR	mg/cm²	0.2
	E_v	次/d	1
	H	cm	161.5
	SER	/	0.18
	PM₁₀	mg/m³	0.119
	R_a	m³/d	14.5
	PIAF	/	0.75
	fsp_i	/	0.8
	fsp_o	/	0.5
	EF_i	d/a	187.5
	R_w	L/d	1
	Efo	d/a	62.5
	SAE	cm²	765.97	公式（3）计算
毒性评估	IUR	m³/mg	0.12	《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）
	RfC	mg/m³	0.0001
	ABS_gi	/	0.025
风险评估	SF_o	[mg/（kg·d）]⁻¹	0.5	王珊等，2019
	SF_d	[mg/（kg·d）]⁻¹	20	公式（10）和（12）计算
	SF_p	[mg/（kg·d）]⁻¹	0.51	公式（10）和（12）计算
	RfD_o	mg/（kg·d）	0.003	《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）
	RfD_d	mg/（kg·d）	7.50E-05	公式（11）和（13）计算
	RfD_p	mg/（kg·d）	2.35E-05	公式（11）和（13）计算
	SAF	/	0.5	《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）
	WAF	/	0.5	《建设用地土壤污染风险评估技术导则》（HJ 25.3-2019）

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表 2 土壤Cr⁶⁺污染浓度统计特征

Table 2. Statistical characteristics of Cr⁶⁺ pollution concentration in soil

深度（m）	采样数（个）	最大值（mg/kg）	最小值（mg/kg）	平均值（mg/kg）	方差	C·V
0～0.5	19	37.60	0.00	9.56	11.80	1.24
0.5～2.0	19	27.50	0.00	2.39	6.19	2.58
2.0～4.0	19	5.50	0.00	0.81	1.60	1.97
4.0～6.0	19	1.20	0.00	0.17	0.40	2.32
6.0～8.0	19	4.00	0.00	0.62	1.42	2.31
8.0～10.0	19	4.20	0.00	0.39	1.04	2.62
10.0～15.0	19	16.10	0.00	2.00	3.83	1.92
15.0～20.0	19	20.70	0.00	3.95	5.86	1.48
20.0～25.0	19	12.50	0.00	2.01	3.60	1.80
25.0～30.0	16	2.00	0.00	0.18	0.52	2.85
30.0～孔底	19	1.60	0.00	0.08	0.36	4.24
注：超标率计算以《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB36600-2018）中第二类用地Cr⁶⁺风险筛选值（5.7 mg/kg）为依据。

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表 3 地下水Cr⁶⁺污染浓度统计特征（mg/kg）

Table 3. Statistical characteristics of Cr6+ pollution concentration in groundwater (mg/kg)

取样位置	采样数	Max	Min	Ave	SD	C·V
浅层	19	49.90	0.00	6.58	11.29	1.71
深层	8	1.48	0.00	0.25	0.48	1.95
注：超标率计算以《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848-2017）III类标准Cr⁶⁺限值（0.05 mg/L）为依据。

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表 4 土壤及地下水重金属Cr⁶⁺的健康风险表

Table 4. Health risks of heavy metal Cr⁶⁺ in soil and groundwater

环境介质	暴露途径	致癌风险		非致癌风险
环境介质	暴露途径	风险范围与均值	贡献率	风险范围与均值	贡献率
土壤	经口摄入	0～6.854×10⁻⁶	94.01%	0～0.028	72.80%
	经口摄入	1.742×10⁻⁶	94.01%	0.0071	72.80%
	皮肤接触	0～4.200×10⁻⁷	5.77%	0～0.0017	4.46%
	皮肤接触	1.070×10⁻⁷	5.77%	0.0004	4.46%
	呼吸吸入	0～1.668×10⁻⁸	0.23%	0～0.0085	22.25%
	呼吸吸入	4.255×10⁻⁹	0.23%	0.0022	22.25%
	3种途径健康总风险	0～7.291×10⁻⁶	100.00%	0～0.0380	100.00%
	3种途径健康总风险	1.853×10⁻⁶	100.00%	0.0097	100.00%
地下水	饮用地下水	0～9.096×10⁻²	100.00%	0～368.70	100.00%
地下水	饮用地下水	1.274×10⁻²	100.00%	51.62	100.00%

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