Carboniferous-Permian Magmatism of Southern Mongolia, Central Asian Orogenic Belt and Its Tectonic Implications
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摘要:
中亚造山带作为显生宙以来全球最大的增生型造山带，记录了古亚洲洋俯冲、增生、闭合的全过程。南蒙古地区位于中亚造山带南缘中段，其晚古生代先后发育弧岩浆活动以及与伸展活动相关的岩石组合，是研究陆壳增生和改造的热点区域。笔者结合区域地质特征及前人研究对南蒙古地区石炭纪—二叠纪这一关键时期的岩石组合做出系统梳理和总结，研究区石炭纪—二叠纪岩浆活动大致可以分为早石炭世（350～325 Ma），晚石炭世（320～305 Ma）和早二叠世（300～280 Ma）3个阶段。早石炭世（350～325 Ma）发育典型的弧岩浆岩且具有向南变年轻的趋势。此外，全岩Nd和锆石Hf同位素显示其主体具有显著的地幔贡献。综合前人认识，笔者认为这是古亚洲洋主洋盆以北多个次生的弧后洋盆俯冲后撤的结果。晚石炭世（320～305 Ma）以高硅花岗岩为主，尤其315～310 Ma的碱长花岗岩、碱长正长岩等是年轻弧地体重熔的产物，是俯冲大洋板片显著消耗的结束。早二叠世（300～280 Ma）发育伸展相关的岩石组合（如A型花岗岩、双峰式火山岩和基性岩墙），这些岩浆活动显示高温特征，且具有显著的地幔物质贡献。结合前人工作，特别是笔者的前期工作，上述岩浆活动是由石炭纪板片后撤之后高角度俯冲诱发的俯冲板片断离所造成，且前人研究成果表明南蒙古东西两侧均有类似的岩石、构造和沉积记录。因此，笔者提出，古亚洲洋主洋盆泥盆纪—二叠纪多期次的俯冲后撤导致了其北侧一系列次生的弧后洋盆的开启、俯冲至闭合，上述过程伴随了中亚造山带南缘最后一次大规模侧向增生及其结束后板片断离诱发的垂向地壳增生。
Abstract:As the largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogenic belt in the world, the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) records the whole process of subduction, accretion and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO). The southern Mongolia, in the central segment of the southern CAOB, has successively developed rock associations of arc-magmatic activity and later extensional activity during the late Paleozoic, which is a key area for studying the accretion and transformation of continental crust. Combined with regional geological characteristics and previous studies, this paper systematically sorted out and summarized the rock association of the key period of Carboniferous-Permian in Southern Mongolia and the magmatic activity can be roughly divided into three stages: Early Carboniferous (350～325 Ma), Late Carboniferous (320～305 Ma), and the early Permian (300～280 Ma). During Early Carboniferous (350～325 Ma), the Southern Mongolia developed typical arc-type magmatic rocks having a southward migration trend. Whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopes show that these rocks have significant mantle contribution. Combined with previous works, this resulted from slab retreating of a series of secondary back-are oceans of the PAO on the north of its main ocean basin. During Late Carboniferous (320～305 Ma), The southern Mongolia was dominated by high silica granites, especially the alkaline feldspar granites and syenites (315～310 Ma), which were produced by the remelting of earlier arc crusts, indicating the cessation of significant consumption of subducted oceanic plates. During the early Permian (300～280 Ma), extension-related magmatic rocks, such as A-type granite, bi-model volcanic rocks and basic dikes, were developed. The above magmatic activities showed the characteristics of high temperature and significant contribution of mantle materials. Therefore, we support that it was caused by the slab breakoff by high-angle subduction resulted from the aforementioned Carboniferous slab retreating. Previous studies show that there are similar rocks, structure and sedimentary records on both east and west sides of Southern Mongolia. Therefore, the Devonian-Permian subduction and slab retreating of the main basin of the PAO caused the opening, subduction and closure of a series of secondary back-arc basins on the northern side of the PAO, which were accompanied by the last large-scale lateral crustal accretion of the southern CAOB and its cessation with subsequent slab-breakoff-induced vertical crustal accretion.
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图 2 蒙古国构造地层地体图（据Badarch et al., 2002; Kröner et al., 2010修）
Figure 2.
图 3 南蒙古地区主要构造单元地层柱（据Badarch et al., 2002; Kröner et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2023修）
Figure 3.
图 4 南蒙古地区石炭纪—早二叠世岩石TAS图解（a）（据Middlemost, 1994修）和K2O- SiO2图解（b）（据Peccerillo et al., 1976修）
Figure 4.
图 5 南蒙古地区石炭纪—早二叠世岩石A/NK-A/CNK图解（a）（据 Miniar et al., 1989修）和Rb-（Y+Nb）图解（b）（据Pearce, 1996修）
Figure 5.
图 6 南蒙古地区石炭纪—早二叠世岩石稀土元素配分模式图（a）及微量元素蛛网图（b）（球粒陨石标准化值和原始地幔标准化值引自Sun et al., 1989）
Figure 6.
图 8 南蒙古地区非造山岩浆活动示意图（据Kozlovsky et al., 2012修）
Figure 8.
图 9 南蒙古地区大地电磁阻抗的二维模型（据Comeau et al., 2020修）
Figure 9.
图 10 中亚造山带南缘南蒙古地区晚石炭—早二叠世构造演化示意图（据Zhou et al., 2021a修改）
Figure 10.
续表1 时期 采样地点 岩石类型 样品编号 年龄（Ma） 参考文献 石炭纪末期—早二叠世 阿塔斯默格德地区 花岗闪长岩 — 302±3 Yarmolyuk et al., 2008b 阿塔斯默格德地区 花岗片麻岩 28/5325 301.4±1.2 Kröner et al., 2010 阿塔斯默格德地区 花岗闪长岩 M33/06 299.9±1.6 Kröner et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 基性岩墙 MG07；MG03-1 299±3 Zhou et al., 2021a 阿塔斯默格德地区 黑云母花岗岩 YuM-25/12 299±1 Kozlovsky et al., 2012 古尔万赛汗-伊赫山海地区 石英二长斑岩 T2-048 298±4 Guy et al., 2014 戈壁阿尔泰-额尔德尼地区 花岗岩 M135 295.7±2.2 Kröner et al., 2010 阿兹默格德地区 亚碱性花岗岩 — 294±5 Yarmolyuk et al., 2008b 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 Zircon 293.4±2.6 Gerdes et al., 2017 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 Late armstrongite 293±55 Gerdes et al., 2017 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 MG50-1 293±4 Zhou et al., 2021b 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 Zircon early 292.8±2.6 Gerdes et al., 2017 曼达洛沃-曼达克山地区 花岗岩 51.7A 292.3±0.5 Blight et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 MG01-1 292±5 Zhou et al., 2021b 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 KHB-1745 292±1 Kovalenko et al., 2006 曼达洛沃-曼达克山地区 亚碱性花岗岩 — 292±1 Yarmolyuk et al., 2008b 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 — 292±1 Yarmolyuk et al., 2008b 阿塔斯默格德地区 碱性花岗斑岩 YuM-24/1 292±1 Kozlovsky et al., 2012 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 Zircon late 291.7±2.6 Gerdes et al., 2017 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 Cyrtolite 290.8±2.5 Gerdes et al., 2017 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 黑云母花岗岩 KhB-4448 290±1 Kovalenko et al., 2006 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 KhB-1807 290±1 Kovalenko et al., 2006 特西尔地区 闪长岩 M132 289.2±2.3 Kröner et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-哈尔哈德地区 亚碱性花岗岩 YuM-18/117 289±3 Kozlovsky et al., 2012 古尔万赛汗-塔万塔希尔山地区 花岗闪长岩 T2-015 288±8 Guy et al., 2014 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 Zircon late 287.3±4.2 Gerdes et al., 2017 戈壁阿尔泰-额尔德尼地区 花岗岩 M65/06-1 286.8±1.8 Kröner et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-伊赫山海地区 石英斑岩 T2-058 286±5 Guy et al., 2014 戈壁阿尔泰-巴彦查干地区 碱性花岗岩 BaTs-1/1 286±2 Kozlovsky et al., 2015 戈壁阿尔泰-哈尔乌祖尔地区 碱性花岗岩 BaTs-3/2 284±1 Kozlovsky et al., 2015 戈壁阿尔泰-乌兰乌尔地区 碱性花岗岩 KhT-4/11 284±1 Kozlovsky et al., 2015 古尔万赛汗-诺贡地区 碱性流纹岩 YuM-18/109 281±3 Kozlovsky et al., 2012 特西尔地区 花岗岩 M83/06 279.6±3.9 Kröner et al., 2010 戈壁阿尔泰-祖恩默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 DZB-1/1 279±1 Kozlovsky et al., 2015 戈壁阿尔泰-新津地区 花岗岩 M62/06-2 277±2.4 Kröner et al., 2010 
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表 1 南蒙古地区石炭纪—早二叠世岩浆岩年龄
Table 1. Age of Carboniferous-Early Permian magmatic rocks in southern Mongolia
时期 采样地点 岩石类型 样品编号 年龄（Ma） 参考文献 早石炭世 特西尔地区 花岗片麻岩 M107/06-2 350.4±1.7 Kröner et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-奥尤陶勒盖矿床 花岗闪长岩 AJW03-074 350 Wainwright et al., 2011 阿兹默格德地区 花岗闪长岩 — 348±1 Yarmolyuk et al., 2008b 古尔万赛汗-奥尤陶勒盖矿床 英安岩 AJW03-091 347 Wainwright et al., 2011 古尔万赛汗-奥尤陶勒盖矿床 安山岩 AJW03-055 346 Wainwright et al., 2011 戈壁阿尔泰-坎德曼地区 花岗岩 — 345±2 Hrdličkovà et al., 2008 古尔万赛汗-奥尤陶勒盖矿床 安山岩 AJW03-183 345 Wainwright et al., 2011 特西尔地区 花岗岩 M103/06-2 340.9±2.5 Kröner et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 安山岩 MG27-4 339±3 Zhou et al., 2021a 古尔万赛汗-佐格多铜矿床 花岗闪长岩 TS-37 335.1±4.4 Davaasuren et al., 2021 古尔万赛汗-奥尤陶勒盖矿床 流纹岩 AJW03-107；AJW03-125 335 Wainwright et al., 2011 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 流纹斑岩 MG09-1 334±9 Zhou et al., 2021a 古尔万赛汗-布兰泽福克斯矿床 花岗闪长岩 BFD 333.6±0.6 Blight et al., 2010 曼达洛沃-纳林胡杜格地区 二长岩 JBSP010 333.22±0.6 Blight et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-南丹亨迪地区 花岗闪长岩 2012SM-128 333±4 Zhu et al., 2016 古尔万赛汗-佐格多铜矿床 花岗闪长岩 TS-21 331.4 Davaasuren et al., 2021 曼达洛沃-奥尤特乌兰矿床 石英二长岩 88.3A 330±0.5 Blight et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-佐格多铜矿床 二长花岗岩 TS-30 329.9 Davaasuren et al., 2021 古尔万赛汗-佐格多铜矿床 花岗闪长岩 TS-34 329.1 Davaasuren et al., 2021 古尔万赛汗-莫戈伊特山地区 石英斑岩 T2-025 329±6 Guy et al., 2014 巴兰地区 角闪石闪长岩 — 329±1 Yarmolyuk et al., 2008b 古尔万赛汗-佐格多铜矿床 花岗闪长岩 TS-29 326.4 Davaasuren et al., 2021 古尔万赛汗-佐格多铜矿床 二长花岗岩 TS-20 326.1 Davaasuren et al., 2021 古尔万赛汗-舒廷地区 石英二长岩 97.2A 325.4±1.0 Blight et al., 2010 古尔万赛汗-南丹亨迪地区 安山岩 2012SM-104 325±3 Zhu et al., 2016 古尔万赛汗-奥尤陶勒盖矿床 花岗岩 AJW03-132 324 Wainwright et al., 2011 晚石炭世 古尔万赛汗-奥尤陶勒盖矿床 花岗岩 AJW03-116 321 Wainwright et al., 2011 古尔万赛汗-南丹亨迪地区 石英闪长岩 T2-062 319±6 Guy et al., 2014 古尔万赛汗-巴彦奥沃地区 花岗岩 T2-029 319±5 Guy et al., 2014 阿塔斯默格德地区 碱性花岗岩 YuM-32/22 319±4 Kozlovsky et al., 2012 特西尔地区 碱性长石花岗岩 YUM-34/12 318.3±2.1 Yarmolyuk et al., 2017 古尔万赛汗-伊赫尔斯山地区 花岗岩 T2-046 318±9 Guy et al., 2014 古尔万赛汗-巴伦卡拉特地区 花岗闪长岩 T2-042 318±8 Guy et al., 2014 额尔德仁-塔文塔尔地区 花岗闪长岩 YUM-34/21 318±2.2 Yarmolyuk et al., 2017 戈壁阿尔泰-苏门可汗德地区 碱性长石花岗岩 YUM-34/13 317.3±2.3 Yarmolyuk et al., 2017 特西尔地区 碱性花岗岩 YUM-33/1 316.7±2.5 Yarmolyuk et al., 2017 古尔万赛汗-察夫齐尔胡杜格地区 流纹岩 2012SM-22 315±4 Zhu et al., 2016 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性长石花岗岩 MG44-3 315±2 Zhou et al., 2021b 古尔万赛汗-哈察维奇山地区 花岗岩 T2-019 314±5 Guy et al., 2014 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性长石花岗岩 MG04-1 313±2 Zhou et al., 2021b 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性长石花岗岩 MG05-1 312±2 Zhou et al., 2021b 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 二长闪长岩 MG37-1 312±2 Zhou et al., 2021b 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 碱性长石花岗岩 MG08-5 311±4 Zhou et al., 2021b 古尔万赛汗-汗默格德地区 石英二长岩 MG36-1 311±2 Zhou et al., 2021b 察干乌拉-哈尔奥维地区 花岗岩 T1-192 308±4 Guy et al., 2014 古尔万赛汗-塞夫雷地区 石英二长岩 T1-239 307±6 Guy et al., 2014 古尔万赛汗-伊赫乌尔齐特乌尔山地区 花岗岩 2012SM-64 304±4 Zhu et al., 2014
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