Spatial Analysis and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in the Xishimen Iron Mining Area of Hebei Province
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摘要:
矿区土壤重金属污染严重威胁着生态环境和周边居民的健康，对其进行有效监管意义重大。河北西石门铁矿是邯邢地区的大型磁铁矿床，针对该矿区土壤重金属污染亟待开展综合研究。本文以西石门铁矿一号矿区为研究对象，利用地球化学、统计学、地理信息学等多学科技术，对9种典型土壤重金属的空间分布和污染风险进行分析。采用ICP-MS测定重金属含量，通过描述性统计分析、多元统计分析和空间插值分析得到重金属超标率、污染来源及空间分布特征，并结合单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数、潜在生态危害指数评价其污染风险。描述性统计分析结果显示，矿区土壤Co的超标率为75.83%，属重度污染，Cu、Cd、As的超标率分别为14.70%、21.40%和13.29%，属中轻度污染，Cr、Ni、Zn、Pb和Hg的超标率均低于5%，属轻度污染；多元统计分析结果显示，Cr、Ni、Zn、Cd、As和Pb来源于成矿区自然风化环境污染，Co和Cu来源于采矿生产、化肥使用造成的人为环境污染，Hg来源于人为因素造成的局部污染；空间插值分析结果显示，重金属含量在马会河两岸露天采矿区较高，在河流和居民区较低；污染风险评估结果显示，研究区内梅罗综合污染指数为13.49，综合生态风险指数为55.50。该矿区存在人为因素导致的Hg、Co、Cu污染，需要重点关注并开展治理工作；该矿区的重金属污染属重度，但生态风险仍处于可控范围。
Abstract:BACKGROUND Heavy metal pollution in the soil of mining areas is a serious threat to the ecological environment and the health of surrounding residents, and it is of great significance to effectively supervise it. The Xishimen iron deposit in Hebei Province is a large magnetite deposit in the Hanxing area. Comprehensive research on soil heavy metal pollution in this mining area is urgently needed.
OBJECTIVES To evaluate soil heavy metal pollution in the Xishimen iron mining area in Hebei Province.
METHODS The No.1 mining area of the Xishimen iron deposit was selected as the research object. ICP-MS was used to determine the heavy metal content. The exceedance rate, pollution sources and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals were obtained by descriptive statistical analysis, multivariate statistical analysis and spatial interpolation analysis, and the pollution risk was evaluated by combining the single factor pollution index, Nemero comprehensive pollution index and potential ecological hazard index.
RESULTS Descriptive statistical analysis showed that the exceedance rate of Co in the mining area was 75.83%, indicating heavy pollution, while the exceedance rates of Cu, Cd and As were 14.70%, 21.40% and 13.29%, indicating moderate to light pollution. The exceedance rates of Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb and Hg were less than 5%, which were light pollution. The multivariate statistical analysis showed that Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, As and Pb were from the natural weathering environmental pollution in the mineralized area, and Co and Cu were from the anthropogenic environmental pollution caused by mining production and fertilizer use. Hg came from the local pollution caused by human factors. Spatial interpolation analysis showed that the nine heavy metals had a high distribution in the open pit mining area on both sides of the Mahui River and a low distribution in the rivers and residential areas. The Nemero comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals in the study area was 13.49, and the comprehensive ecological risk index was 55.50.
CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that there is Hg, Co, and Cu pollution caused by human factors in the mining area, which needs to be addressed. The heavy metal pollution in this area is serious but the ecological risk is still in a controllable range.
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表 1 土壤重金属元素含量统计结果
Table 1. Statistical results of heavy metal element contents in soil
统计参数 Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb As Hg 平均值(mg/kg) 38.15 17.18 19.01 27.65 53.53 0.12 15.81 10.44 0.055 最小值(mg/kg) 5.94 2.67 2.76 2.44 10.5 0.018 1.24 0.17 0.004 最大值(mg/kg) 102 121 44.7 172 176 0.50 105 35.20 5.30 标准差(mg/kg) 23.22 11.54 11.19 21.00 27.81 0.08 13.29 5.14 0.293 变异系数(%) 60.86 67.19 58.89 75.94 51.95 67.24 84.08 49.26 532.73 自然背景值(mg/kg) 90 12.7[23] 40 35 100 0.20 35 15 0.15 土壤质量筛选值(mg/kg) 250 15 190 100 300 0.6 170 25 3.4 超标率(%) 0.30 75.83 0.90 14.70 3.60 21.40 3.00 13.29 1.81 
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表 2 土壤重金属元素间的相关系数
Table 2. Correlation coefficients of heavy metal elements in soil
重金属元素 Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb As Hg Cr 1 -0.049 0.947** 0.082 0.820** 0.783** 0.797** 0.463** 0.034 Co 1 0.110 0.645** 0.048 -0.016 -0.062 0.129 0.036 Ni 1 0.157 0.847** 0.810** 0.797** 0.536** 0.041 Cu 1 0.184 0.133 0.116 0.093 0.034 Zn 1 0.867** 0.909** 0.461** 0.047 Cd 1 0.854** 0.437** 0.055 Pb 1 0.387** 0.039 As 1 0.025 Hg 1 注：“**”表示在0.01水平(双侧)上极显著相关。
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表 3 土壤重金属含量主成分分析成分矩阵
Table 3. Component matrix of principal component analysis of heavy metal contents in soil
重金属 初始因子载荷 旋转后因子载荷 F1 F2 F1 F2 Cr 0.921 -0.121 0.929 0.016 Co 0.064 0.914 -0.071 0.914 Ni 0.946 0.014 0.934 0.153 Cu 0.196 0.873 0.065 0.892 Zn 0.945 -0.015 0.937 0.124 Cd 0.913 -0.077 0.914 0.058 Pb 0.914 -0.120 0.922 0.015 As 0.582 0.100 0.561 0.185 Hg 0.061 0.079 0.049 0.088 方差贡献率(%) 52.127 18.334 51.395 19.066 累积方差贡献率(%) 52.127 70.461 51.395 70.461
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表 4 重金属潜在生态危害指数
Table 4. Potential ecological hazard index of heavy metals
重金属元素 Eri 重金属元素 Eri Cr 0.85 Cd 18.06 Co 5.73 Pb 2.26 Ni 2.38 As 6.96 Cu 3.95 Hg 14.79 Zn 0.54 RI 55.50
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表 5 Hakanson潜在生态风险分级标准
Table 5. Grading standards of Hakanson potential ecological risk
单项生态风险因子(Eri) 综合生态危害指数(RI) 等级 得分 等级 得分 低生态风险 < 40 低生态风险 < 150 中等生态风险 40~80 中等生态风险 150~300 较高生态风险 80~160 高生态风险 300~600 高生态风险 160~320 极高生态风险 >600 极高生态风险 >320
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