土壤和岩石矿物中氟元素分析测试技术研究进展

段文; 石友昌

doi:10.15898/j.cnki.11-2131/td.202204150079

土壤和岩石矿物中氟元素分析测试技术研究进展

段文,
石友昌^,

中国地质调查局昆明自然资源综合调查中心，云南昆明 650100

基金项目:
中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20208075)

详细信息

作者简介: 段文，工程师，主要从事地质样品分析测试工作。E-mail：827036838@qq.com

通讯作者: 石友昌，工程师，主要从事地质样品分析测试工作。E-mail：847853757@qq.com

中图分类号: O657.31

收稿日期: 2022-04-15

修回日期: 2022-07-21

录用日期: 2022-08-20

刊出日期: 2023-01-28

A Review of Research Progress on Analysis and Testing Technology of Fluorine in Soil and Rock Minerals

DUAN Wen,
SHI Youchang^,

Kunming Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Kunming 650100, Yunnan

More Information

Corresponding author: SHI Youchang, 847853757@qq.com

Received Date: 15 April 2022

Revised Date: 21 July 2022

Accepted Date: 20 August 2022

Publish Date: 28 January 2023

摘要

摘要:
准确测定土壤和岩石矿物中氟元素含量，对于评估区域性地球化学行为和预防人类氟相关病症具有重要的意义。本文阐述了近年来土壤和岩石矿物中氟元素分析测试技术研究进展，重点对样品前处理方法、试剂和流程进行了归纳总结，对不同检测方法的基体校正、干扰控制、性能及应用现状等进行评述，分析了不同测试技术的特点与不足，展望了其未来发展方向。目前常用的前处理方法主要有粉末压片法、熔片法、水蒸气蒸馏法、高温燃烧水解法、碱熔法和酸溶法等，常用的测定方法主要有离子选择电极法、离子色谱法、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、分光光度法、比色法和液相色谱法等。其中碱熔-离子选择电极法和粉末压片XRF法经分析测试工作者不断探究和改进，已是土壤和岩石矿物中氟元素分析广泛应用的测试技术。但碱熔法存在试剂消耗量大、流程长，步骤繁琐以及阳离子干扰等缺点，优化测试技术方法还需要进一步研究和实践；粉末压片法为无损进样，简单快速环保，具有潜在的研究价值，使用XRF法能够实现多元素联测，在稳定性和精密度方面具有显著的优势，降低方法检出限、消除粒度效应和矿物效应将是未来XRF法测定氟的研究趋势之一；其他前处理方法因步骤繁琐、前处理设备昂贵以及只能处理特定类型样品等因素的制约，或因测试方法的局限性制约其发展，暂不作推荐。由于氟属于轻元素以及赋存形式复杂多样等特殊性，需要针对样品类型的特点选择相适应的分析测试技术。本文认为，对于土壤和岩石矿物中氟含量分析测试技术，样品无损分析、安全环保、快速等是前处理方法研究的主要方向，同时能够建立多元素联测、检出限低以及稳定性好的测试方法是测试技术研究的主要方向，综合来说粉末压片-XRF法测定土壤和岩石矿物中氟具有重要的研究价值。
- 土壤 /
- 岩石矿物 /
- 氟 /
- 碱熔法-离子选择电极法 /
- 粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法
Abstract:
Fluoride is one of the important trace elements of human life and health. A proper amount of fluoride is beneficial to health. Excessive intake of fluoride will lead to dental fluorosis, bone fluorosis and urolithiasis, and serious excessive intake will affect the human central nervous system, endocrine hormone levels and reproductive system. The same lack of fluorine can also cause dental caries, Kaschin-beck disease signs and osteoporosis symptoms and cause hematopoietic dysfunction. Due to the chemical characteristics of fluorine, the forms of fluorine in the natural environment are very complex, and the transformation between different forms needs further study. How to quickly and accurately determine the content of fluorine in soil, rocks and minerals is of great significance for evaluating regional geochemical behavior and preventing fluorine-related diseases in humans.

In this paper, the research progress of fluorine analysis and testing technology in soil, rocks and minerals in recent years is described. The methods, reagents and processes of sample pretreatment are summarized. The matrix correction, interference control, performance and application status of different testing methods are reviewed. In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the test results, it is necessary to eliminate the interference of metal cation, matrix effect and particle size validity, select the appropriate pretreatment and detection technology, reduce the detection limit, and constantly improve the accuracy and precision of the test.

At present, the commonly used pretreatment methods mainly include pressed powder pellet, fusion, steam distillation, high temperature combustion hydrolysis, alkali fusion and acid dissolution. Among them, the pressed powder pellet method is simple, employs nondestructive analysis, has high sample preparation efficiency, and can meet the requirements of pretreatment of fluorine in large quantities of soil. The fusion method can effectively reduce the particle size effect and mineral effect, but different matrix samples need to use different oxidants, the preparation process is complicated, and requires high experience of the sample maker. Steam distillation and high temperature combustion hydrolysis are mainly used in rock sample treatment. The interference of metal ions can be effectively reduced by steam distillation or high temperature combustion hydrolysis. The test results of the samples treated by the alkali fusion method are stable and widely used, but there is metal ion interference, which leads to low fluorine test results. The acid dissolution method is used mainly for the decomposition of some specific ore samples, such as phosphate ore, and is rarely used at present.

The commonly used determination methods include the ion selective electrode method, ion chromatography, XRF method, spectrophotometry, colorimetric method and liquid chromatography. Among them, the ion selective electrode method is mature and widely used because of its high accuracy and good stability. The detection limit of ion chromatography is low, but the test efficiency is low. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry uses lossless injection, simple environmental protection and can measure multiple elements at the same time. The colorimetric method is not accurate enough, the stability of the method is poor, the analysis steps are more complicated, and it is not suitable for the analysis of daily samples. Liquid chromatography is rarely used at present because of the expensive pretreatment equipment.

At present, the alkali fusion method (accounting for 26%) is widely used as the most important pretreatment means, but it has many shortcomings, such as large reagent consumption, long process, complicated steps and cationic interference. Further research and practice are needed to optimize testing techniques and methods. The high temperature combustion hydrolysis method (accounting for 13%) and steam distillation method (accounting for 18%) can reduce cationic interference, but their cumbersome steps and special expensive equipment are currently used less. The ion selective electrode method accounted for more than one third of the test methods. Currently, the pre-treatment method using alkali fusion-ion selective electrode method is one of the most effective test technologies for the determination of fluorine content in soil, rocks and minerals.

Pressed powder pellet method (accounting for 17%) has potential research value because of its unique non-destructive injection, simple, fast and environmental protection, and the matching XRF method (accounting for 29%) can realize multi-element combined measurement, which has significant advantages in stability and precision. The future research direction of fluorine determination by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry will be how to reduce the detection limit of the method and eliminate the particle size effect and mineral effect. Other analysis and testing techniques are not recommended because of cumbersome procedures, expensive pre-treatment equipment, only certain types of samples can be processed, and limitations of testing methods.

As fluorine is a light element and its occurrence forms are complex and diverse, it is necessary to select appropriate analysis and testing techniques according to the characteristics of sample types.The main research directions of fluorine analysis and testing technology in soil, rocks and minerals and pretreatment methods are focused on non-destructive analysis of samples, safety and environmental protection, rapid and other aspects, and the main research directions of testing technology are focused on the establishment of multi-element simultaneous determination. In conclusion, the determination of fluorine in soil, rocks and minerals by pressed powder pellet-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has important research value.
- soil /
- rock and mineral /
- fluoride /
- alkali fusion-ion selective electrode method /
- pressed powder pellet-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

HTML全文

图 1 测定土壤和岩石矿物中的氟(a)不同前处理方法和(b)测试方法的文献占比

Figure 1.

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表 1 粉末压片法测定土壤和岩石矿物中氟的制样参数及主要流程

Table 1. Parameters and main process of pressed powder pellet method in the determination of fluorine in soil and rock minerals

样品类型	压片机型号	粒度大小 (μm)	样品称样量 (g)	制样压力 (t)	加压时间 (s)	粉末压片制样流程	参考文献
地质样品	SL201半自动压样机	< 85	4.00	30	30	4.00g样品—压片机30t下加压30s	[14]
地质样品	/	< 74	3.00	20	60	3.00g样品—压片机20t下加压60s	[15]
地质样品	BRE-33型粉末压样机	< 74	4.00	35	30	4.00g样品—压片机35t下加压30s	[16]
土壤、水系沉积物	日本理学5×10⁴kg油压机	< 74	4.00	35	/	4.00g样品—压片机35t下加压	[17]
土壤、水系沉积物	瑞珅葆3200高压压片机	< 74	4.00	100	/	4.00g样品—压片机100t下加压	[18]
土壤、水系沉积物	BRE-33粉末压样机	< 74	4.00	35	30	4.00g样品—压片机35t下加压30s	[19]
铜矿石	ZHY-401A压样机	< 74	5.00	30	20	5.00g样品—压片机30t下加压20s	[20]
磷矿石	电动压力机	< 74	4.50	30	60	4.50g样品—压片机30t下加压60s	[21]
钼矿石	ZHY-601压片机	< 74	4.00	35	30	4.00g样品—压片机35t下加压30s	[22]
锂云母	BP-1型粉末压样机	< 74	2.00	40	25	2.00g样品—压片机40t下加压25s	[23]
磷矿石	BP-1型粉末压样机	< 10	4.00	40	15	4.00g样品—压片机40t下加压15s	[24]

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表 2 熔片法测定土壤和岩石矿物中氟的制样参数及主要流程

Table 2. Parameters and main process of fusion method in the determination of fluorine in soil and rock minerals

样品类型	熔片机型号	样品称样量 (g)	熔剂及用量	稀释比	氧化剂及用量	脱模剂及用量	熔片温度 (℃)	制样流程	参考文献
高氟地质样品	M4型丙烷气体熔样机	0.6000	四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂 (6.0000g)	1∶10	饱和硝酸铵溶液 (1mL)	溴化铵3滴 (100g/L)	950	950℃熔融12min	[25]
磷矿石	DY501型高频感应熔样机	0.4000	四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂 (6.0000g)	1∶15	饱和硝酸铵溶液 (1mL)	溴化锂5滴 (200g/L)	700→1050	700℃预氧化5min —1050℃熔融4min	[26]
磷矿石	Eagon2熔样机	0.4800	四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂 (7.2000g)	1∶15	饱和硝酸铵溶液 (6滴)	溴化锂1滴 (500g/L)	700→1050	700℃预氧化3min —1050℃熔融4min	[27]
磷矿石	智能高频熔样机	0.7000	四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂 (5.6000g)	1∶8	饱和硝酸铵溶液 (1mL)	饱和溴化锂溶液6滴	700→1050	700℃预氧化4min —1050℃熔融6min	[28]
磷矿石	电热XRF熔样机	/	四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂 (12∶22)	1∶5	一定量硝酸铵 (分析纯)	碘化锂3滴 (400g/L)	1100	1100℃熔融10min	[29]
萤石	快速熔样机(洛阳耐火材料有限责任公司)	1.5000	四硼酸锂-碳酸锂 (6.5000g)	1∶4.3	硝酸钠 (0.5000g)	饱和溴化锂溶液 4滴	980	980℃熔融8min	[30]
萤石	Aμto-1000M玻璃珠熔样机	1.2000	四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂 (6.0000g)	1∶5	硝酸钠 (1.0000g)	溴化钾 (0.0500g)	900→950	900℃预氧化5min —950℃熔融10min	[31]

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表 3 水蒸气蒸馏法和高温燃烧水解法测定土壤和岩石矿物中氟的制样参数及主要流程

Table 3. Parameters and main process of steam distillation method and high temperature combustion hydrolysis method in the determination of fluorine in soil and rock minerals

样品类型	样品称样量 (g)	燃烧温度 (℃)	燃烧水解时间(min)	氧气流速 (mL/min)	水蒸气流速 (mL/min)	制样流程	参考文献
岩石	0.0500~0.3000	235	/	/	/	0.0500~0.3000g试样—5mL磷酸—235℃水蒸气蒸馏	[33]
矿样	0.2000	205	/	/	/	0.2000g试样—5mL浓磷酸—205℃水蒸气蒸馏	[34]
铜精矿	0.5000	160~180	/	/	/	0.5000g试样—60mL硫酸—160~180℃水蒸气蒸馏	[35]
磷矿石	0.1000	160~180	/	/	4	0.1000g试样—60mL硫酸—160~180℃水蒸气蒸馏	[36]
铁矿石	0.5000	160~180	/	/	/	0.5000g试样—60mL硫酸—160~180℃水蒸气蒸馏	[37]
锰矿石	0.5000	160~180	/	/	/	0.5000g试样—60mL硫酸—160~180℃水蒸气蒸馏	[38]
铅精矿	0.5000	160~180	/	/	/	0.5000g试样+无水碳酸钠碱熔—60mL硫酸—160~180℃水蒸气蒸馏	[39]
锌精矿	0.5000	155~160	/	/	/	0.5000g试样+无水碳酸钠碱熔—60mL硫酸—155~160℃水蒸气蒸馏	[40]
土壤	0.5000	1100	30	/	/	0.5000g试样+石英砂混匀—3次推入—1100℃燃烧水解	[41]
有色金属矿	0.5000	1100	30	/	/	0.5000g试样+0.5000g石英砂混匀—均匀覆盖0.5000g石英砂 —300℃ 5min—600℃ 5min—900℃ 5min—1100℃燃烧水解15min	[42]
氧化锌	0.2000	1100	30	/	/	0.2000g试样+0.2000g石英砂混匀—均匀覆盖0.2000 g石英砂 —300℃ 5min—600℃ 5min—900℃ 5min—1100℃燃烧水解15min	[43]
铬矿石	0.5000	1100	30	500 400~500	2.5	0.5000g试样+0.5000g石英砂混匀—1100℃燃烧水解30min 0.5000g试样+0.5000g石英砂混匀—均匀覆盖石英砂 —1100℃燃烧水解30min	[44] [45]
铁矿石	0.5000	1100	30	400~500	2.5	0.5000g试样+0.5000g五氧化二钒混匀—300℃ 5min—600℃ 5min —800℃ 5min—1100℃燃烧水解15min	[46]
铁矿石	0.5000	1100	30	300	1.5	0.5000g试样+0.5000g五氧化二钒混匀—1100℃燃烧水解30min	[47]

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表 4 碱熔法测定土壤和岩石矿物中氟的制样参数及主要流程

Table 4. Parameters and main process of alkali fusion method in the determination of fluorine in soil and rock minerals

样品类型	样品称样量 (g)	碱性试剂及用量 (g)	碱熔温度 (℃)	碱熔时间 (min)	碱熔制样流程	参考文献
土壤	0.5000	氢氧化钠(4.0000)	550	20	0.5000g试样—4.0000g氢氧化钠—550℃保温20min	[49]
	0.5000	氢氧化钠(4.0000)	650	20	0.5000g试样—4.0000g氢氧化钠—650℃保温20min	[50]
	0.5000	氢氧化钠(4.0000)	550	20	0.5000g试样—3.0000g氢氧化钠+1.0000g氢氧化钠覆盖表面—550℃保温20min	[51]
	0.2000	氢氧化钠(2.0000)	550	30	0.2000g试样—2.0000g氢氧化钠—550℃保温30min	[52]
	0.5000	氢氧化钾(5.0000)	600	20	乙醇润湿0.5000g试样—5.0000g氢氧化钾—600℃保温20min	[53]
矿石	w(F) < 0.3%：0.5000 0.3% < w(F) < 5%：0.1000 w(F)>5%：0.0600~0.0800	过氧化纳+氢氧化钠 (1.0000+2.0000)	650	15	试样—1.0000g过氧化钠+2.0000g氢氧化钠覆盖表面 —650℃保温15min	[54]
铜矿石	0.010% < w(F) < 0.050%：1.0000 0.050% < w(F) < 0.10%：0.5000 0.10% < w(F) < 0.25%：0.4000 0.25% < w(F) < 0.50%：0.3500 w(F)>0.50%：0.2000	过氧化纳+氢氧化钠 (1.5000+3.0000)	350→650	20	3.0000g氢氧化钠垫底—300℃融化后取出冷却 —试样覆盖过氧化钠—350℃保温5min—650℃保温20min	[55]
铁矿石	0.2000	过氧化纳+氢氧化钠 (1.0000+3.0000)	650	8	0.2000g试样—3.0000g氢氧化钠+1.0000g过氧化钠 —650℃保温8min	[56]
铜矿石	0.5000g	氢氧化钠(6.0000)	600	10	0.5000g试样—6.0000g氢氧化钠—600℃保温10min	[57]
钨钼矿石	0.2500g	过氧化钠(3.0000)	670	10	1.0000g过氧化钠垫底—0.2500g试样—2.0000g过氧化钠覆盖—670℃保温10min	[58]

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表 5 酸溶法测定土壤和岩石矿物中氟的制样参数及主要流程

Table 5. Parameters and main process of acid dissolution method in the determination of fluorine in soil and rock minerals

样品类型	样品称样量 (g)	酸性试剂及用量	酸溶制样流程	参考文献
磷灰石	0.5000	10%硝酸25mL	0.5000g试样—5mL 10%硝酸和5~10滴30%过氧化氢 —水浴25min	[60]
磷灰石	0.5000	5%硝酸25mL	0.5000g试样—25mL 5%硝酸和5~10滴30%过氧化氢 —室温过夜	[60]
铁矿及稀土精矿	0.5000	25%硝酸30mL	0.5000g试样—30mL 25%硝酸和5~10滴30%过氧化氢 —水浴25min	[60]
磷矿石	0.1000~0.2000	5%硝酸10mL	0.1000~0.2000g试样—10mL 5%硝酸—水浴25min(加热至刚冒大气泡后冷却或常温下20℃左右放置过夜)	[61]
磷矿石	0.1000	高氯酸—磷酸—抗坏血酸	0.1000g试样—5mL混合酸(4%高氯酸+12%磷酸) —5~10滴5%抗坏血酸—微沸5min	[62]

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表 6 不同测定方法在土壤和岩石矿物中氟含量测定相关技术参数

Table 6. Technical parameters of determination of fluorine content in soil and rock minerals by different determination methods

测定方法	样品类型	分析方法和技术参数	参考文献
离子选择电极法	土壤	加标回收率为96.5%~105%，RSD小于2.29%	[64]
	土壤	RSD小于17.24%，检出限为1.39mg/kg	[65]
	土壤	加标回收率为90.0%~97.0%，RSD小于3.44%，检出限为0.50mg/kg	[66]
	碳酸盐	加标回收率为96.5%~107.8%，RSD小于5.28%，检出限为25.1μg/g	[67]
	铍精矿	加标回收率为97.4%~105.5%，RSD小于5.71%	[68]
	电铅灰	RSD小于2.50%	[69]
	铁矿石	加标回收率为94.0%~106%，RSD小于6.56%	[70]
	氧化锌	加标回收率为97.5%~104%，RSD小于2.31%	[71]
	矿石	加标回收率为94.0%~103.2%，RSD小于7.60%	[72]
离子色谱法	土壤	加标回收率为98.0%~103%，RSD小于2.40%，检出限为0.020mg/L	[73]
	土壤	加标回收率为96.8%~100.1%，RSD小于2.08%	[74]
	土壤	加标回收率为84.0%~95.5%，RSD小于4.71%，检出限为1.20mg/kg	[75]
	硫化矿	加标回收率为96.0%~98.0%，RSD小于3.10%，检出限为0.006mg/L	[76]
	有色金属矿	加标回收率为97.0%~100%，RSD小于5.00%，检出限为0.11ng/mL	[77]
X射线荧光光谱法	土壤	RSD小于2.00%，检出限为18.9μg/g	[14]
	土壤	RSD小于5.50%，检出限为62.0μg/g	[17]
	土壤	检出限为50.0μg/g	[18]
	土壤	RSD小于6.00%，检出限为48.6μg/g	[19]
	高氟样品	RSD小于5.00%，检出限为0.05%	[25]
	磷矿石	RSD小于4.50%，检出限为4500μg/g	[26]
	磷矿石	RSD小于5.10%，检出限为4200μg/g	[27]
	磷矿石	RSD小于2.30%，检出限为102μg/g	[28]
	磷矿石	RSD小于4.11%，检出限为1121μg/g	[29]
	萤石	RSD小于3.60%	[30-31]
分光光度法	土壤	RSD小于6.50%，检出限为0.50μg/g	[78-79]
	富铌渣	加标回收率为99.9%~104%，RSD小于1.60%	[80]
	钆镁合金	加标回收率为100%~104%，RSD小于1.36%	[81]
	高纯氧化铌(钽)	加标回收率为92.9%~105%，RSD小于7.92%	[82]
比色法	土壤、植物、尿、水及空气样品	加标回收率为80.0%~102%，检出限为0.10μg/mL	[83]
液相色谱法	茶叶和土壤	加标回收率为91.0 %~104%，RSD小于7.30%，检出限为1.00ng/mL	[84]
液相色谱法	矿泉水和食盐	加标回收率为97.0%~98.0%，RSD小于2.70%，检出限为0.001mg/L	[85]

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