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摘要:
随着中国铝土矿资源日益消耗，高硫铝土矿将成为重要的新型铝土矿资源。中国有大量品位较高的高硫型沉积型铝土矿，但这类矿石由于硫含量高(硫含量＞0.7%)，严重影响后续提铝工艺流程，因而一直未被工业化利用，在铝土矿资源日益紧缺之时，若能开发利用，对中国铝工业发展具有重要意义。2020—2021年在广西桂西地区自平果—靖西一带铝土矿成矿带新探获得相当量的沉积型铝土矿，该沉积型铝土矿是堆积型铝土矿的矿源层，二者在空间分布上存在重叠，矿石多与黄铁矿密切共生，部分矿段的硫含量高出工业利用允许最高含量的数倍或数十倍，尽管矿石品位较高，但硫含量多在2%～8%，目前该铝土矿矿石性质及工业化技术指标尚不明确。因此，本文以广西桂西地区的沉积型铝土矿为研究对象，采用X射线荧光光谱、偏光显微镜、X射线衍射及扫描电镜-能谱等分析测试技术研究了铝土矿的矿石矿物组成特性，探究了沉积型铝土矿的矿石性质。分析结果表明，该矿石中Al2O3含量为64.21%，S含量为5.13%，属于高硫沉积型铝土矿；矿石中铝矿物主要为一水硬铝石、绿泥石；铁矿物主要有黄铁矿、赤铁矿及褐铁矿；一水硬铝石，其结晶粒度细，呈鲕状集合体形式，表面较光滑；黄铁矿中粗粒、中粒级黄铁矿多以半自形及他形存在，粒径较大。结合本项目组早前对高硫型铝土矿进行的大量试验研究认为，该沉积型铝土矿高硫问题可通过选矿技术方法分离黄铁矿，后续建议通过破碎磨矿手段使矿石矿物单体解离，再辅以合理的选矿药剂制度将黄铁矿浮选分离出来，从而使浮硫后的含铝矿物满足下一步的氧化铝提取入料要求。
Abstract:BACKGROUND China is the world’s largest aluminum producer and consumer. With the development of China’s aluminum industry, bauxite resources are consumed continuously and highly dependent on imports. In 2019, China’s imports exceeded 100 million tons of bauxite, with an increase of 21.9%, and in 2020, imports reached a record high of 110 million tons, and dependency on importing bauxite is increasing from 5% in 2001 to 50%. Therefore, high-sulfur bauxite becomes an important new resource. A large number of high-grade high sulfur sedimentary bauxite has been found in China. However, due to the high sulfur content (S>0.7%) in high sulfur sedimentary bauxite, which seriously affects the subsequent aluminum extraction process, it has not been used in industry. If it can be developed and utilized in industry, it is of great significance to the development of the aluminum industry.
OBJECTIVES In order to clarify the ore properties and the possible industrialization technical indicators of sedimentary bauxite in Western Guangxi.
METHODS X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, polarizing microscope, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were applied to investigate composition and properties of the sedimentary bauxite ore, which provided important reference data for the development of this type of bauxite.
RESULTS (1) The content of Al2O3 in the ore is 64.21% and the content of S is 5.13%. According to the classification of the bauxite industrial index quality, the ore belongs to high sulfur deposit type bauxite. (2) The aluminum minerals in the ore are mainly diaspore and chlorite, with fine crystal size, oolitic aggregate form and smooth surface for diaspora. The main iron minerals are pyrite, hematite and limonite. The pyrite exists in the form of euhedral, semi-euhedral and allotriomorphic crystals, and the size of crystal particles is different. Some of the coarse-grained and medium-grained pyrites have a particle size of more than hundreds of microns. Compared with the accumulated bauxite in the same source layer, the biggest difference of sedimentary bauxite in Western Guangxi is that it contains an amount of pyrite. (3) Diaspore and pyrite are the main useful minerals of bauxite, there are differences in the distribution between the two minerals in the ore. The difference is conducive to the use of crushing and grinding methods to dissociate mineral monomers, and then select appropriate mineral processing methods to separate pyrite.
CONCLUSIONS It is possible to dissociate the main minerals in the high sulfur sedimentary bauxite by crushing and grinding. Based on previous experiments on high-sulfur bauxite, the high-sulfur problem of the sedimentary bauxite can be effectively separated from pyrite by mineral processing. Monomer separation can be achieved by crushing and grinding, with removal of the pyrite by flotation by a mineral processing reagent system. Thus, the aluminum-containing minerals after floating sulfur meet the requirements of alumina extraction and feeding in the next step.
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表 1 沉积型铝土矿矿石样品X射线荧光光谱半定量分析结果
Table 1. Semi-quantitative analysis of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of sedimentary bauxite ore samples.
矿石成分 含量(%) 矿石成分 含量(%) Al2O3 70.37 CaO 0.05 SO3 10.54 P2O5 0.04 Fe2O3 8.20 Nb 0.04 SiO2 6.04 Cl 0.03 Ti 4.15 Y 0.03 Zr 0.37 Th 0.02 K2O 0.13 
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表 2 沉积型铝土矿矿石样品主要化学成分分析
Table 2. Main chemical composition analysis of sedimentary bauxite ore samples.
矿石成分 含量(%) 矿石成分 含量(%) Al2O3 64.21 Ga 0.0072 Fe2O3 7.77 Sc 0.0066 S 5.13 稀土总量 0.046 TiO2 4.07 总碳(C) 3.40 SiO2 3.85 有机碳 3.03 A/S 16.68 烧减量 19.21 注：表中A/S为矿石中氧化铝和氧化硅百分含量的比值(Al2O3/SiO2)，下文同。
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表 3 沉积型铝土矿的矿物成分及含量
Table 3. Chemical components and content of sedimentary bauxite.
矿物 含量(%) 矿物 含量(%) 一硬水铝矿 50 绿泥石 33 三水铝石 3 金红石 4 滑石 3 黄铁矿 4 高岭石 2 锐钛石 ＜1 石英 ＜1 赤铁矿及褐铁矿 ≤1
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表 4 沉积型铝土矿中的铁矿物和钛矿物物相组成
Table 4. Phase composition characteristics of iron minerals and titanium minerals in sedimentary bauxite.
铁矿物物相 磁铁矿和雌黄铁矿
中的Fe菱铁矿中的Fe 赤铁矿和褐铁矿中的Fe 硫化铁中的Fe 硅酸铁中的Fe 含量(%) 0.24 0.99 0.40 3.80 0.10 占比(%) 4.34 17.92 7.24 68.78 1.72 钛矿物物相 金红石中的Ti 钛磁铁矿中的Ti 钛铁矿中的Ti 榍石和硅酸盐中的Ti 含量(%) 1.88 0.00 0.06 0.36 占比(%) 82.10 0.00 2.40 15.50
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