Advances in researches on ammonia, nitrite and nitrate on migration and transformation in the groundwater level fluctuation zone
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摘要:
三氮是我国地下水中典型污染物，其在包气带和含水层中的迁移转化过程受到高度关注。近几年，地下水位波动带中的三氮迁移转化已经成为新的研究领域。在综合运用文献计量分析法，定量分析相关研究趋势的基础上，系统总结地下水位波动带形成及特点，梳理波动带中三氮迁移转化过程及生物地球化学过程最新研究表述及成果，并对今后可能的研究热点和方向进行了展望。现有研究表明：水位波动带中环境指标如土壤含水率、氧化还原电位、溶解氧和有机质含量均表现出一定的分带性规律，微生物菌群结构和功能基因更多样化，并呈现一定的分布特征。随着地下水位波动，包气带中的三氮易浸溶进入地下水并发生迁移。地下水位上升，硝化作用减弱，反硝化作用增强；地下水位下降，硝化作用增强，反硝化作用减弱。为完善水位波动带三氮迁移转化过程研究，应进一步关注：（1）将水化学演化分析与分子生物学高通量测序方法相结合，深入探究水位波动带三氮转化与微生物作用机理；（2）除关注硝化、反硝化作用外，增加异化还原、同化还原和厌氧氨氧化等作用过程的研究；（3）细化分析更多情境、更多影响因素的水位波动过程，识别水位波动带三氮转化的关键影响要素。
Abstract:Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate are typical pollutants in shallow groundwater and in the vadose zone, and their migration and transformation processes are highly concerned. In recent years, new studies have focused on the three-nitrogen in the groundwater level fluctuation zone. This paper comprehensively uses the literature measurement analysis method to quantitatively analyze the related research trends, and systematically summaries the latest research results of the formation and characteristics of the groundwater level fluctuation zone, the migration and transformation process of the three-nitrogen and their biogeochemical processes in the fluctuation zone. The results show that environmental indicators such as soil moisture content, redox potential, contents of dissolved oxygen and organic matter in the groundwater level fluctuation zone have remarkable zoning rules, and the microbial community structure and functional genes are more diversified with obvious layers. As the groundwater levels fluctuate, the three-nitrogen in the vadose zone is easy to leach into the groundwater and migrate. As the groundwater levels rise, nitrification weakens, denitrification enhances, and as the groundwater levels drop, nitrification enhances, and denitrification weakens. Finally, this paper prospects the research hotspots and directions in the future: (1) the groundwater chemical evolution analysis is combined with the high-throughput sequencing method of molecular biology to explore the three-nitrogen transformation and microbial action mechanism in the groundwater level fluctuation zone. (2) In addition to nitrification and denitrification, the researches on dissimilation reduction, assimilation reduction and anaerobic ammonia oxidation processes are increased. (3) The groundwater level fluctuation process with more scenarios and influencing factors are analyzed, and the key influencing factors of the three nitrogen transformation in the groundwater level fluctuation zone are identified.
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表 1 参与三氮转化的主要功能基因信息
Table 1. Main functional gene information of the three-nitrogen transformation
基因代号 基因全称（KEGG数据库直系同源蛋白编码） 主要作用 具体参与过程 参考文献 AOA/AOB -amoA 氨单加氧酶基因（K10944、K10945） 硝化作用 将 
氧化为 NH2OH
[29, 46] hao 羟胺氧化还原酶基因（K10535） 硝化作用 将NH2OH 氧化为 
[10, 47] nxrA/B 亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶基因（K00370、K00371） 硝化作用 将 
氧化为
[10] narG 硝酸盐还原酶基因（K00370） 反硝化作用 将 
还原为
[29] nirK/nirS 亚硝酸盐还原酶基因（K00368、K15864） 反硝化作用 将 
还原为NO
[11, 29, 46] norB/norC 一氧化氮还原酶基因（K04561、K02305） 反硝化作用 将NO还原为 N2O [11] nosZ 氧化亚氮还原酶基因（K00376） 反硝化作用 将N2O还原为 N2 [11, 34] nasA/nasB、narB 硝酸盐同化还原酶（K00372、K00360、K00367） 同化还原作用 将 
还原为
[18] nirA 亚硝酸盐同化还原酶基因（K00366） 同化还原作用 将 
还原为
[10] napA/napB 硝酸盐异化还原酶基因（K02567、K02568） 异化还原作用 将 
还原为
[11] nrfA/nrfH，nirB/nirD 亚硝酸盐异化还原酶基因（K03385、K15876、K00362、K00363） 异化还原作用 将 
还原为
[10-11] 
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