Water-rock /soil interaction reflected by the chemical characteristics of groundwater of Jichang landslide in Guizhou Province
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摘要:
滑坡体水-岩（土）作用是一种复杂的物理化学综合作用，影响坡体的稳定性，但关于目前水-岩（土）相互作用对地质灾害发生方面的影响研究仍较为薄弱。以贵州省鸡场滑坡为研究对象，分析滑坡区岩土体矿物组成和化学成分特征，结合区域内基岩裂隙水、大气降水的成分变化，利用主成分分析方法，研究鸡场滑坡水-岩（土）作用过程，并分析水岩演化作用对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明：（1）滑体内玄武岩的风化过程是一种机械破碎-矿物蚀变耦合的水-岩相互作用，发生在“微观-细观-宏观”3种尺度上；（2）选取前3个因子Z1、Z2、Z3（分别占总方差的49.365%、27.135%、15.092%）分析地下水的化学特征，主因子Z1反映了玄武岩原生矿物的溶蚀作用对地下水化学成分的控制作用，主因子Z2反映了地下水的蒸发作用与SiO2溶解度随pH变化的矿物沉淀作用，主因子Z3反映了地下水与岩（土）体间存在离子交换作用且主参与离子为Mg2+和K+；（3）水岩作用产物主要为伊利石、蒙皂石、绿泥石等黏土矿物，使得岩体结构面内黏土矿物含量增加，岩体劣化损伤，对滑带的形成及滑坡的解体产生重要影响。由此研究说明滑坡地下水与岩土体相互作用的主要过程能被主成分分析结果充分反映。
Abstract:The water-rock/soil interaction of a landslide is a complex physical and chemical synthesis, which seriously affects the stability of the slope. Research on the water-rock/soil interaction of a landslide on the occurrence of geological disasters is relatively weak. This article takes the Jichang landslide as the research object, analyzes the characteristics of the mineral composition and chemical composition of the rock and soil in the landslide area, combines the compositional changes of bedrock fissure water and atmospheric precipitation in the area, and uses the principal component analysis method to study the water-rock of the Jichang landslide The process of action and the influence of water and rock evolution on the stability of landslides are analyzed. The results show that: (1) The weathering process of basalt in the sliding body is a water-rock interaction coupled by mechanical crushing-mineral alteration, occurring on “micro-micro-macro” three scales. (2) The first three factors, accounting for 49.365%, 27.135%, and 15.092% of the total variance, respectively, are selected to analyze the chemical characteristics of groundwater. The main factor Z1 reflects the control effect of the dissolution of basalt primary minerals on the chemical composition of the groundwater, the main factor Z2 reflects the evaporation of groundwater and the precipitation of minerals in which the solubility of SiO2 changes with pH, and the main factor Z3 reflects the ion exchange between groundwater and rock (soil) with the main participating ions being Mg2+ and K+. (3) The products of water-rock interaction are mainly clay minerals such as illite, smectite and chlorite, which increase the content of clay minerals in the structural plane of the rock mass, deteriorate and damage the rock mass, significantly influcing the formation of slip zones and the disintegration of landslides. The results of principal component analysis of groundwater can reflect the main process of interaction between landslide groundwater and rock/soil.
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表 1 鸡场滑坡内岩土体X-矿物衍射分析结果
Table 1. Analysis results of X-mineral diffraction of rock and soil mass in Jichang landslide
样品 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 辉石/% 9.6 20.3 10.4 — 31.2 石英/% 9.3 2.6 3.2 16.7 3.4 钾长石/% 2.7 2.6 3.4 1.8 2.5 斜长石/% 16.2 47.2 41.0 8.8 31.8 磷灰石/% 1.8 2.4 2.2 3.0 2.0 钛铁矿/% 3.6 3.3 4.1 5.0 3.2 磁铁矿/% 5.7 1.1 6.2 1.3 — 褐铁矿/% 3.5 2.5 1.3 10.7 9.1 伊利石/% 9.5 0.9 12.7 3.2 0.8 蒙皂石/% 32.3 2.7 13.5 33.7 4.2 绿泥石/% 5.7 14.3 2.0 15.8 11.8 注：结果均为质量占比；“—”表示无此成分。R1代表滑坡后壁基岩裂隙水出露处结构面夹层土，R2代表裂隙水出露处较致密的杏仁状玄武岩，R3代表滑坡后壁出露的肉眼可见较松散的灰绿色蚀变杏仁状磁化玄武岩，R4代表堆积体玄武岩中有“石夹土”现象的外圈强风化部分，R5代表内部弱风化部分。 
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表 2 鸡场滑坡内岩土体元素分析结果
Table 2. Analysis results of rock and soil elements in Jichang landslide
样品 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Na2O/% 0.16 2.77 0.89 — 1.17 MgO/% 3.23 4.47 3.25 1.90 3.67 Al2O3/% 14.71 13.58 15.19 17.79 13.68 SiO2/% 43.79 44.46 47.87 36.89 44.96 P2O5/% 0.75 1.00 0.92 1.22 0.82 SO3/% 1.63 1.45 1.17 0.37 1.66 K2O/% 3.66 0.73 4.85 2.08 2.07 CaO/% 3.37 5.92 3.1 0.54 8.03 TiO2/% 2.15 2.11 2.44 3.62 2.51 V2O5/% 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.13 0.09 Cr2O3/% 0.01 0.02 — 0.01 0.04 MnO/% 0.26 0.24 0.08 0.24 0.30 FeO/% 5.55 10.99 4.51 3.71 12.41 Fe2O3/% 13.88 8.49 10.83 22.00 5.88 LOI/% 6.74 3.69 4.86 9.49 2.71 注：结果均为质量占比；“—”表示无此成分。
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表 3 贵州省鸡场滑坡地下水及雨水化学成分分析结果
Table 3. Major ions of groundwater in the Jichang landslide
样品编号 质量浓度/（mg·L−1） pH SiO2 Mg2+ Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl− 
TDS 雨水1 1.01 0.78 2.86 0.10 0.16 1.34 — 10.08 10.31 6.0 雨水2 1.28 — 2.70 0.10 1.11 0.68 — 10.08 10.44 4.9 试样3 33.53 0.96 2.70 1.06 1.23 0.23 0.85 16.37 15.21 6.9 试样4 22.53 1.59 6.61 1.28 0.24 0.4 1.12 27.71 25.73 6.8 试样5 17.53 1.27 5.16 1.69 0.15 0.23 5.11 21.41 26.04 6.6 试样6 18.53 1.36 6.35 1.44 — 0.13 3.57 25.19 27.77 7.1 试样7 19.87 1.24 5.87 0.58 0.50 0.38 4.87 25.19 22.51 6.4 试样8 21.20 1.18 6.35 0.96 0.18 0.36 5.56 25.19 29.08 6.8 试样9 18.87 1.26 6.03 0.96 0.27 0.42 6.35 25.19 28.39 6.6 试样10 3.28 — 7.94 1.64 0.14 0.24 6.79 31.49 31.92 6.9 试样11 10.88 1.55 15.87 3.85 0.38 0.83 8.21 62.97 63.91 7.1 注：（1）雨水1与雨水2均为8月3日在滑坡附近所接雨水，其余试样为滑坡体上基岩裂隙水；（2）滑坡体中基岩裂隙水取样时间均为8月4日，取样点如图3中所示。
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表 4 鸡场滑坡地下水化学成分间的相关系数矩阵
Table 4. Correlation matrices of the major ions of groundwater in the Jichang landslide
因子 SiO2 Mg2+ Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl− 
SiO2 1 0.624 −0.083 0.086 0.181 −0.613 0.019 0.024 Mg2+ 1 0.390 0.419 −0.356 −0.126 0.255 0.429 Ca2+ 1 0.915 −0.347 0.037 0.759 0.992 Na+ 1 −0.244 −0.116 0.683 0.933 K+ 1 0.017 −0.465 −0.282 Cl− 1 −0.288 −0.027 
1 0.756 
1
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表 5 鸡场滑坡地下水化学成分主成分分析结果
Table 5. Results of the principal component analysis ofgroundwater in the Touzhai landslide
主因子 Z1 Z2 Z3 SiO2 0.138 0.960 0.039 Mg2+ 0.561 0.514 −0.422 Ca2+ 0.947 −0.241 0.145 Na+ 0.920 −0.059 0.245 K+ −0.472 0.169 0.799 Cl− −0.171 −0.743 −0.167 
0.842 −0.057 0.030 
0.955 −0.144 0.202 特征值 3.949 1.851 1.226 方差贡献率/% 49.365 27.135 15.092 累积贡献率/% 49.356 76.500 91.592
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