Prediction of coal mine water inflow by different mining methods and environment impact analyses
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摘要:
煤矿开采不当会对水资源与水环境造成破坏，尤其在生态环境相对脆弱地区更是如此。针对目前矿井涌水量预测大多以单一工作面或煤矿为评价单元，对沟域内煤矿群同时长期开采的地下水环境影响重视不够。选择头道河则沟域为研究区，以地下水勘查、井田勘探资料为依据，构建了头道河则完整沟域的地下水三维非稳定流数值模型，根据地下水、地表水监测数据和煤矿群开采涌水量的长观资料进行模型的识别与验证，以9#煤矿为典型矿区，分析综采和条带充填2种不同开采方式下矿井涌水量及其对水环境的影响。研究结果表明：（1）综采状态下，矿井涌水量增加0.70×104 m3/d，导致地下水溢出量减少0.20×104 m3/d，引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.21~17.92 m；条带充填开采状态下，矿井涌水量增加0.11×104 m3/d，导致地下水溢出量减少0.04×104 m3/d，引发矿区及区域地下水水位下降0.01~0.44 m。（2）煤矿按综采方式开采，导水裂隙带高度大，将大面积导通第四系潜水含水层，矿井涌水对水环境影响较大；若按条带充填方式开采，导水裂隙带高度大幅变小，不会导通第四系潜水含水层，矿井涌水对水环境影响较小。煤矿企业在煤层上覆岩层厚度较薄的地段采煤时，宜采取条带充填开采的方式。研究结果可为研究区或类似煤田开采方案制定、科学处理好煤炭资源开采与生态环境保护关系等提供依据或参考。
Abstract:Improper mining of coal mines can cause damage to water resources and the water environment, especially in areas with relatively fragile ecological environment. At present, the prediction of mine water inflow mainly focuses on the single working face or mining area, and enough attention has not been paid to the influence of long-term mining of coal groups in the gully on groundwater environment. The Toudaoheze gully is selected as the study area. Based on the data of groundwater exploration and coal field investigation, a 3D numerical model of groundwater unsteady flow of the whole gully is constructed. The model is identified and verified with the monitoring data of groundwater and surface water and the long-term data of mine water inflow in coal groups. Taking 9# coal mine as a typical area, the mine water inflow and its influence on water environment under the fully mechanized mining and strip filling mining methods are analyzed. The main results show that (1) under the fully mechanized mining method, the increase of mine water inflow is 0.70×104 m3/d, resulting in the reduction of groundwater overflow of 0.20×104 m3/d and causing groundwater level to drop between 0.21 and 17.92 m in the mining area and region. Under the strip filling mining method, the increase of mine water inflow is 0.11×104 m3/d, resulting in the reduction of groundwater overflow is 0.04×104 m3/d and causing groundwater level to drop between 0.01 and 0.44 m in mining area and region. (2) The water-conducting fracture zone connects with a large area of the Quaternary phreatic aquifer under the fully mechanized mining method, and mine water inflow has a great impact on water environment. If the strip filling method is carried out, the height of the water-conducting fracture zone will be greatly reduced, and the Quaternary phreatic aquifer will not be connected, and mine water inflow will have less impact on water environment. The filling mining method can be adopted when coal mining in the area has small thickness of strata above the coal seam. The results can provide a basis or reference for the formulation of mining schemes in the study area or other similar coal fields, and for scientifically handling the relationship between coal resource mining and ecological environmental protection.
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表 1 模型区水文地质参数分区与参数值
Table 1. Hydrogeological parameter partition and parameter values in the model area
分层 分区编号 地层 渗透系数/（m·d−1） 给水度 弹性
释水率
/m−1备注 水平 垂直 一层 Ⅰ 河谷区砂土层 1.5 1 0.15 Ⅱ 萨拉乌苏组砂层 1.85 1.85 0.17 Ⅲ 萨拉乌苏组/黄土 0.93 0.05 0.12 上部萨拉乌苏组,下部黄土 Ⅳ 黄土层 0.015 0.025 0.05 二层 Ⅰ 新近系岩层 1×10−5 1×10−5 1×10−20 Ⅱ 侏罗系岩层 0.051 0.00009 1×10−5 侏罗系原岩层 三层 全区 侏罗系岩层 0.051 0.00009 1×10−5 导水裂隙带之上原岩层 四层 Ⅰ 侏罗系岩层 35 55 1×10−5 导水裂隙带 Ⅱ 侏罗系岩层 0.051 0.00009 1×10−5 导水裂隙带的两侧原岩层 五层 Ⅰ 侏罗系煤层 — — 1×10−5 采空区 Ⅱ 侏罗系煤层 0.08 0.0005 1×10−5 采空区的两侧原煤层 注：—表示无此数据。 
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表 2 各方案的地下水补排量预测成果
Table 2. Prediction results of groundwater recharge and discharge of each scheme
/（104 m3·d−1） 补排项 天然状态 预测期初 预测期末 变化量 方案1 方案2 方案1 方案2 补给项 大气降水入渗补给量 4.49 4.32 4.49 4.49 0.17 0.17 凝结水全年平均补给量 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0 0 农灌回归量 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0 0 地表积水入渗 0 0.16 0 0 −0.16 −0.16 激发河库水入渗补给量 0 0 0.0988 0 0.0988 0 合计 4.85 4.84 4.95 4.85 0.11 0.01 排泄项 地下水蒸发量 0.67 0.51 0.41 0.49 −0.1 −0.02 地下水溢出量 3.83 1.37 1.17 1.33 −0.20 −0.04 地下水开采量（农业） 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0 0 矿坑涌水量（9#煤矿） 0 0.843 1.5391 0.9577 0.6961 0.1147 矿坑涌水量（头道河则其它煤矿） 0 3.07 3.07 3.07 0 0 地下水径流流出量 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 0 合计 4.90 6.17 6.57 6.23 0.40 0.05 均衡差 −0.05 −1.33 −1.62 −1.38
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表 3 预测期末煤矿综采与充填开采预测结果对比
Table 3. Comparison of fully mechanized mining and filling mining at the end of the prediction period
项目 煤矿涌水量
增加量/（m3·d−1）溢出量减少量
/（m3·d−1）矿区及附近地下
水水位下降/m区域地下水
水位下降/m综采
（方案1）6961 2000 0.84～17.92 0.21～0.62 充填开采
（方案2）1147 400 0.05～0.44 0.01～0.06
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