Development and formation conditions of karst collapse induced by tunnel engineering in the Gele Mountain area
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摘要:
歌乐山地区近年来因密集修建隧道工程诱发大量岩溶塌陷，然而对岩溶塌陷的分布、规模、成因和演化等尚缺乏系统性总结。通过资料整理、钻井资料分析、监测资料解译等手段，对歌乐山地区岩溶塌陷发育规律和形成条件进行了系统性分析，对致塌成因机理和演化过程进行了深入探讨，得出以下结论：岩溶塌陷多组群式发育在隧址区内第四系粉质黏土覆盖的宽阔岩溶洼地、沟槽或构造裂隙密集区；多级岩溶洞缝系统为岩溶塌陷的形成提供了良好的空间发育条件，致塌力主要来自隧道工程建设引发的地下水动力条件变化；岩溶塌陷主要成因机理是隧道工程建设改变局部地下水环境，在重建过程中产生的多效应致塌作用诱发易塌地质结构塌陷；岩溶塌陷发育演化包括孕育、形成、稳定3个时期。孕育期，隧道工程建设初步揭露富水岩溶缝洞系统，表层缝洞带内形成土体运移、坍塌的空间，覆盖层局部发生变形、脱落。形成期，隧道工程建设与运营通常采取引水排放措施，在引发的多效应致塌作用下岩溶塌陷最终形成。稳定期，隧道工程运营至一定阶段后，地下水环境逐渐趋于新的动态平衡，既有岩溶塌陷逐渐稳定，塌陷群不再向外扩展。研究结果可作为岩溶塌陷监测预警、生态修复和隧道规划等工作的参考依据。
Abstract:In recent years, intensive tunnel construction has induced a large number of karst collapses in the Gele Mountain area. However, the distribution, scale, cause and evolution of karst collapses have not been systematically summarized. By means of data collation, drilling data analysis, monitoring data interpretation and other working methods, this study systematically analyzes the development law and formation conditions of karst collapse in the Gelle Mountain region, conducts in-depth discussion of the cave-causing mechanism and evolution process, and comes to the following conclusions. Multiple groups of karst collapse are developed in the wide karst depression, trough or dense area of tectonic fissure covered by Quaternary silty clay in the tunnel site. The multi-stage rock cave and fracture system provide a good spatial development condition for the formation of karst collapse, and the cave-inducing force mainly comes from the change of groundwater dynamic condition caused by tunnel construction. The main mechanism of karst collapse is that tunnel construction changes the local groundwater environment, and the collapse of collapsible geological structures is induced by multi-effect caving in the reconstruction process. The development and evolution of karst collapse includes three stages: incubation, formation and stability. In the incubation period the water-rich karst fissure and cave system are initially exposed during tunnel construction. Space for soil migration and collapse is formed in the surface fissure and cave zone, and the local deformation and fall of overburden occur. In the formation period water diversion and discharge measures are usually adopted in tunnel construction and operation, and karst collapse is eventually formed under the action of multi-effect collapse. In the stable period, after tunnel operation to a certain stage, groundwater environment gradually tends to a new dynamic equilibrium, the existing karst collapse gradually becomes stable, collapse group no longer expands outward. The results can be used as reference for karst collapse monitoring and warning, ecological restoration and tunnel planning.
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Key words:
- Gele mountain /
- tunnel project /
- karst collapses /
- groundwater /
- monitoring and forewarning
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表 1 歌乐山地区典型隧道工程与岩溶塌陷分布耦合关系表
Table 1. Characteristics of karst collapse caused by typical tunnels in the Gele Mountain area and its influence
序号 隧道名称 塌陷数量
/处与隧道轴线的距离/m <500 500～1000 >1000 1 襄渝铁路隧道 29 18 8 3 2 双碑隧道 78 62 12 4 3 轨道1号线 47 36 9 2 4 新兰渝铁路隧道 51 42 6 3 5 歇马隧道 36 21 11 4 合计 241 176 46 16 注：数据统计与核查截止时间为2019年12月。 
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表 2 歌乐山地区岩溶塌陷与地层分布情况一览表
Table 2. Karst collapses and stratigraphic distribution in the Gele Mountain area
分布地层 T1j1 T1j2 T1j3 T1j4 T2l T1f3 合计 塌陷数量/处 160 47 69 27 16 8 327 注：数据统计截止时间为2019年12月。
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表 3 中梁镇-歌乐山镇塌陷群情况一览表
Table 3. Collapse groups from Zhongliang Town to Geleshan Town
序号 主要隧道工程 主要塌陷群 塌陷数量
/处塌陷群面积/km2 发育特征 1 土主隧道
新兰渝铁路
隧道
渝怀铁路隧道龙泉村欧家院塌陷群 6 1.20 塌陷群长轴方向与主岩溶沟槽拟合，整体呈串珠状 2 石院村仙米山塌陷群 4 0.05 3 茅山峡村大龙井塌陷群 29 0.15 塌陷群受控于低洼沟槽、洼地，与1组“X”型构造裂隙（节理）联系紧密，
主控裂隙产状为S1202°∠72°，S2325°∠68°，整体呈条带状4 轨道1号线隧道 茅山峡村黑天池塌陷群 5 0.05 塌陷群长轴方向受岩溶沟槽控制，整体呈条带状 5 茅山峡村双水井塌陷群 6 0.08 塌陷群明显沿构造线方向发育，主控裂隙产状为S1220°∠65°，整体呈条带状 6 余家湾村水库塌陷群 28 0.08 塌陷群与岩溶洼地形态拟合，整体呈藕荷状 7 余家湾村上下堰塌陷群 8 0.07 塌陷群明显沿构造线方向发育，向横切沟明显适应，
主控裂隙产状为S1223°∠68°，整体呈条带状8 双碑隧道 金刚村新庙塌陷群 7 0.01 金刚村新庙塌陷群、龙塘坎塌陷群、方堰塘塌陷群，均向横切沟适应，
受控于1组层间裂隙，产状为S084°∠55°，整体呈串珠状9 金刚村龙塘坎塌陷群 21 0.16 10 金刚村方堰塘塌陷群 6 0.02 11 廖家店塌陷群 10 0.10 塌陷群与1组“X”型节理裂隙联系紧密，塌陷沿该裂隙发育方向分布，
整体呈树杈状12 凌云水库塌陷群 16 0.23 凌云水库塌陷群、枫香园塌陷群和立信学校塌陷群长轴方向与
主岩溶沟槽适应，整体呈条带状合计 146 2.2
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表 4 歌乐山地区典型岩溶管道高程统计表
Table 4. Elevation data of typical karst pipelines in the Gele Mountain area
序号 溶蚀空间类型 标高/m 数量/处 1 大泉或暗河 295～305 1 2 有水溶洞或暗河 370～380 2 3 干溶洞或季节性充水溶洞 420～440 6 4 干溶洞或伏流 455～475 4 5 干溶洞或地下大厅 500～520 4 6 竖向岩溶管道 — 15 注：共统计32个溶蚀空间点，其中竖向岩溶管道在295 m以上的多个高程均有分布，数量约占50%。
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表 5 塌陷区与非塌陷区土体性质对比表（据文献[18]修改）
Table 5. Comparison of soil properties in the collapse area and non-collapse area(modified after Ref.[18])
序号 地段 取样组数/组 液限范围 土体性质 塌陷数量/处 1 茅山峡村大龙井塌陷群 16 25.3～30.3 粉质黏土 29 2 石院村仙米山塌陷群 6 23.8～31.1 粉质黏土 4 3 新发村塌陷群 16 27.8～29.6 粉质黏土 28 4 庆丰山村塌陷群 11 28.9～35.1 粉质黏土 5 5 龙泉村塌陷群 15 25.4～29.6 粉质黏土 30 6 余家湾村水库塌陷群 8 22.9～32.1 粉质黏土 28 7 新开寺村陈家堡塌陷群 8 25.8～30.2 粉质黏土 10 8 中梁镇新华村五香庙 11 47.5～51.8 次生红黏土、红黏土 无塌陷 9 九龙坡区油麻天池 5 32.6～46.4 粉质黏土、次生红黏土 无塌陷
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表 6 中梁镇矿山坡-石院村地面塌陷洞跨比统计表
Table 6. Tunnel span ratio of ground collapses from Kuangpo to Shiyuan Village of Zhongliang Township
塌陷区洞跨比 <1 1~2 >2 塌陷数量/个 17 41 75 所占比例/% 12.8 30.8 56.4 注：若洞口为椭圆和多边形，按长轴进行计算统计。
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