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摘要:
随着南水北调工程的实施及地下水压采工作的落实，华北平原局部地下水位逐步回升，然而地下水均衡要素变化趋势及其对生态环境的影响缺乏系统研究。以华北平原典型区域南水北调受水区保定平原为例，采用水均衡法计算地下水补给项和排泄项，应用因子分析法分析1975—2019年地下水均衡要素变化的原因，根据最优开采系数法计算地下水可采资源量和压采资源量，为研究区地下水资源的开发利用与调控奠定基础。结果表明：近40 a来，保定平原地下水补给量小于排泄量，总体呈负均衡状态，主要发生变化的地下水均衡要素有渠灌入渗、渠系渗漏、井灌回归、河道渗漏、降水入渗和人工开采；人类活动是影响地下水均衡要素变化的主要原因，其贡献率为77.20%；2011—2019年地下水储水量逐渐增多，此时地下水水位埋深增加速率减小、地下水水位降落漏斗面积逐渐减小、白洋淀湿地面积逐步恢复；保定平原地下水资源的最优开采系数为0.64，地下水可开采资源量和压采量的范围分别为8.89×108 ~11.35×108 m3/a和2.68×108~5.14×108 m3/a。研究成果可为相似地区地下水资源和生态环境可持续发展提供科学依据。
Abstract:With the implementation of the South-North Water Diversion Project and the implementation of groundwater suppression, the local groundwater levels in the North China Plain have gradually rebounded. However, there is a lack of systematic studies of the trends of groundwater balance elements and their impacts on the ecological environment. This paper takes the Baoding Plain, a typical area in the North China Plain, as an example, and uses the water balance method to calculate the groundwater recharge and discharge terms, applies the factor analysis method to analyze the causes of the changes in groundwater balance elements from 1975 to 2019, and calculates the amount of recoverable and suppressed groundwater resources by using the optimal exploitation coefficient method, which provides a basis for the development and utilization of groundwater resources in the study area. The results show that in the past 40 years, the groundwater recharge term was smaller than the discharge term in the Baoding Plain, which is in a negative equilibrium state, and the main change elements are canal irrigation infiltration, canal system seepage, well irrigation return, river seepage, rainfall infiltration and artificial exploitation. The main factor affecting the change of groundwater equilibrium elements is human activity, with a contribution rate of 77.2%. After the groundwater recharge and discharge imbalance is slowed down, the increase of groundwater level burial depth becomes smaller, the area of groundwater level depression cone gradually decreases, and the area of the Baiyangdian wetland gradually recovers. The optimal exploitation coefficient of groundwater resources in the Baoding Plain is determined to be 0.64, the exploitable groundwater resources range from 8.89×108 to 11.35×108 m3/a, and the amount of compression exploitation ranges from 2.68×108 to 5.14×108 m3/a. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of groundwater resources and ecological environment in similar areas.
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表 1 研究区浅层地下水均衡要素及其占比
Table 1. Shallow groundwater balance elements and percentage in the study area
均衡要素 1975年 1985年 2006年 2011年 2019年 数量
/（108 m3）占比
/%数量
/（108 m3）占比
/%数量
/（108 m3）占比
/%数量
/（108 m3）占比
/%数量
/（108 m3）占比
/%补给项 降水入渗 14.66 72.87 16.95 78.69 9.13 67.35 13.56 69.96 10.83 76.33 井灌回归 2.49 12.38 2.06 9.56 1.66 12.22 1.59 8.22 0.47 3.31 渠灌入渗 0.18 0.89 0.15 0.70 0.22 1.62 0.10 0.49 0.02 0.14 渠系渗漏 0.46 2.29 0.39 1.81 0.55 4.03 0.26 1.32 0.05 0.35 河道渗漏 0.57 2.83 0.45 2.09 0.42 3.10 1.79 9.26 0.50 3.52 白洋淀渗漏 0.22 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.31 0.01 0.06 0.25 1.76 侧向流入 1.54 7.65 1.54 7.15 1.54 11.37 2.07 10.69 2.07 14.59 合计 20.12 100 21.54 100 13.56 100 19.38 100 14.19 100 排泄项 侧向流出 0.35 1.65 0.35 1.28 1.61 5.13 1.35 5.18 1.35 8.78 人工开采 20.70 97.36 27.10 98.02 29.74 94.87 24.71 94.82 14.03 91.22 潜水蒸发 0.21 0.99 0.19 0.70 合计 21.26 100 27.65 100 31.35 100 26.06 100 15.38 100 地下水储存量的
变化量−1.14 −6.11 −17.79 −6.68 −1.19 注：表中空白表示未测，其余表中空白同此解释。 
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表 2 研究区浅层地下水均衡要素变化
Table 2. Changes of groundwater balance elements of the shallow groundwater in the study area
均衡要素 变幅/% 1975—1985 1985—2006 2006—2011 2011—2019 补
给
项降水入渗 15.62 −46.14 48.53 −20.14 井灌回归 −17.27 −19.54 −3.86 −70.50 渠灌入渗 −16.67 46.67 −56.73 −78.99 渠系渗漏 −15.22 40.00 −53.21 −80.43 河道渗漏 −21.05 −6.67 327.34 −72.14 白洋淀
渗漏−100.00 −72.00 2000.84 侧向流入 0.00 0.13 34.36 −0.09 排
泄
项侧向流出 1.29 353.99 −16.06 −0.07 人工开采 30.92 9.74 −16.91 −43.22 潜水蒸发 −7.90 −100.00
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表 3 补给项主要驱动因子特征
Table 3. Initial eigenvalue, contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate of the main driving factors of recharge items
成分 初始特征值 贡献率/% 累积贡献率/% 成分1 3.818 54.54 54.54 成分2 1.587 22.66 77.20 成分3 1.162 16.60 93.80
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表 4 补给项主要驱动因子载荷矩阵
Table 4. Load matrix of the main driving factors of recharge items
均衡要素 成分1 成分2 成分3 降水入渗 0.348 −0.064 0.935 井灌回归 0.906 −0.011 0.295 渠灌入渗 0.957 0.063 −0.309 渠系渗漏 0.957 0.068 −0.277 河道渗漏 −0.131 0.940 −0.039 白洋淀渗漏 −0.448 −0.751 −0.127 侧向流入 −0.919 0.355 0.105
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