Analysis of debris flow engineering treatment effect based on DEM data preprocessing in small watershed: A case study of Fangjiagou debris flow, Zhangxian County
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摘要:
2013年7月22日岷县—漳县6.6级地震后，漳县方家沟爆发泥石流。为减轻泥石流的潜在危害，2015年在沟内修建了三级拦挡坝和排导槽，以调节泥石流峰值流量，减轻对下游堆积扇保护对象的威胁。当前研究区防治工程是基于前期泥石流发育特征所设计，未来防治效果有待检验。在野外调查的基础上，采用双线性插值法精细化处理DEM数据，结合高精度遥感影像，重新构建了方家沟小流域的拦挡坝以及地形模型，运用FLO-2D软件模拟分析了不同降水概率条件下方家沟泥石流的运动特征和危险性，以评价方家沟泥石流防治工程治理效果。结果表明：随着降雨强度的逐渐增大，拦挡坝对于泥石流的停淤能力逐渐增强，泥石流均未越过拦挡坝；泥石流流速限制效率达到了80.1%，大大弱化了泥石流冲击破坏能力；泥石流高危险区面积降低了约45.34%，有效地减小了泥石流的影响范围。综上所述，在构建方家沟拦挡坝的模拟条件下泥石流拦挡工程治理效果显著，研究成果可为类似小流域泥石流拦挡工程可行性检验提供借鉴。
Abstract:After the Minxian-Zhangxian magnitude 6.6 earthquake on July 22, 2013, debris flow occurred in Fangjiagou, Zhangxian County. To reduce the potential damage of debris flow, a three-level check dam and drainage channel were built in the gully to regulate the peak flow of debris flow and reduce the threat to the downstream accumulation fan protection objects. However, The control project currently in place in the study area has been designed based on the characteristics of previous debris flow occurrences, and its effectiveness for future incidents remains to be tested. This study used the bilinear interpolation method to fine process DEM data of high-precision remote sensing image, reconstructed the check dam and topographic model of Fangjiagou small watershed, and adopted FLO-2D software to simulate and analyze the movement characteristics and risk of Fangjiagou debris flow under different precipitation probability conditions; the effect of debris flow control project thus then was evaluated. The results show that: As the intensity of rainfall gradually increases, the desilting ability of the barrier dam for debris flow increases gradually, and the debris flow does not pass the barrier dam. The limiting efficiency of flow rate of debris flow is 80.1%, which greatly weakens the impact of failure ability of debris flow. The area with a high risk of debris flow is reduced by 45.34%, which effectively reduces the influence range of debris flow. This study presents that the debris flow blocking project has a remarkable treatment effect under the simulation condition of Fangjiagou dam construction, which can provide effective guidance for the feasibility test of debris flow blocking projects in similar small watersheds.
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Key words:
- Fangjiagou debris flow /
- DEM data processing /
- bilinear interpolation /
- FLO-2D /
- hazard analysis /
- governance effect
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表 1 有无防治工程的50年一遇、100年一遇以及200年一遇降雨条件下泥石流特征表
Table 1. The characteristics of debris flow under the conditions of 50-year event, 100-year event and 200-year event rainfall with and without prevention projects, respectively
降雨频率 拦挡坝
（有/无）泥深/m 泥石流总方量 堆积面积
/(104 m3)威胁民宅面积
/(104 m3)淤埋省道
（是/否）最大泥深 差值 平均厚度 差值 体积/(104 m3) 差值/(104 m3) 变化量/% 50年一遇降雨 无 6.47 1.17 0.76 0.27 31.58 −6.27 −19.8 41.44 9.08 是 有 7.64 1.03 25.31 24.64 0 否 100年一遇降雨 无 7.03 4.44 0.95 0.75 46.29 −7.95 −17.2 47.76 10.08 是 有 11.47 1.70 38.34 27.20 0 否 200年一遇降雨 无 7.45 7.22 1.15 0.97 66.48 −6.88 −10.3 57.92 10.92 是 有 14.67 2.12 59.60 30.96 0 否 
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表 2 有无防治工程的不同降雨频率下不同泥石流流速占比
Table 2. Different debris flow velocity ratio with and without ptrevention project under different rainfall frequencies
降雨频率 拦挡坝
（有/无）≤0.5 m/s 0.5～1.5 m/s 1.5～2.75 m/s 2.75～4.0 m/s 面积
/（104 m2）占比/% 变化率/% 面积
/（104 m2）占比/% 变化率/% 面积
/（104 m2）占比/% 变化率/% 面积
/（104 m2）占比/% 变化率/% 50年一遇降雨 无 12.48 30.12 −52.48 15.92 38.42 −30.09 9.92 23.94 −33.87 3.12 7.53 −67.31 有 5.93 24.07 11.13 45.17 6.56 26.62 1.02 4.14 100年一遇降雨 无 9.31 19.09 −41.14 19.84 40.69 −37.70 13.32 27.32 −41.44 6.29 12.90 −75.20 有 5.48 20.15 12.36 45.44 7.80 28.68 1.56 5.74 200年一遇降雨 无 11.56 19.96 −54.67 18.28 31.56 −25.38 19.84 34.25 −47.38 8.24 14.23 −80.10 有 5.24 16.93 13.64 44.06 10.44 33.72 1.64 5.30
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表 3 泥石流危险性分区标准
Table 3. Debris flow hazard zoning index
危险性 堆积深度/m 逻辑关系 堆积深度与流速乘积 高 ≥1.5 OR ≥1.5 中 （0.5，1.5） AND （0.5，1.5） 低 [0.01，0.5] AND [0.1，0.5]
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表 4 50年一遇、100年一遇以及200年一遇降雨条件下有无防治工程泥石流危险区统计
Table 4. Statistical values of debris flow risk area with and without prevention and control engineering under the conditions of 2%, 1% and 0.5% rainfall frequencies, respectively
降雨频率 拦挡坝
（有/无）危险区总面积
/（104 m2）危险区
减少比例/%高危险区 中危险区 低危险区 面积/（104 m2） 占总面积比例/% 面积/（104 m2） 占总面积比例/% 面积/（104 m2） 占总面积比例/% 50年一遇降雨 有 19.28 33.06 4.92 25.52 8.24 42.74 6.12 31.74 无 28.8 9.72 33.75 9.56 33.19 9.52 33.06 100年一遇降雨 有 22.44 36.32 8.08 36.01 7.8 34.76 6.56 29.23 无 35.24 14.8 42.00 11.6 32.92 8.84 25.09 200年一遇降雨 有 25.88 41.13 10.8 41.73 7.52 29.06 7.56 29.21 无 43.96 19.76 44.95 17.0 38.67 7.2 16.38
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