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摘要:
湖泊在流域水循环中具有重要作用，对于地区的气候调节、促进地区经济可持续发展和维护生态环境具有不可替代的作用。量化湖泊蒸发对西北干旱地区水资源与生态需水量评价至关重要。目前已有的湖泊蒸发量计算方法忽略了水深对蒸发的影响。在宁夏水与环境野外科学观测研究站开展不同水深的水面蒸发试验，利用皮尔逊相关性和非线性回归分析，探究水深与水面蒸发的关系。根据计算的水面潜在蒸发量折算系数，拟合得到适用于银川平原水面蒸发的深度蒸发计算模型。以清水湖为例，利用单波束无人船探测湖床形态，得到湖水水深，并将深度蒸发计算模型与Penman-Monteith（PM）公式进行对比分析。结果表明：2 种模型得出的清水湖年平均水面潜在蒸发量相差0.679 mm/d；在月平均水面潜在蒸发量曲线的走势上，PM公式的计算结果受温度影响明显，而深度蒸发计算模型相对温度的变化具有滞后特征，更好地反映了水深对温度的调节作用，使水面潜在蒸发量的计算更加精准。本研究所拟合的深度蒸发计算模型提高了银川平原湖泊水面蒸发的计算精度，为银川市内湖泊生态研究提供了参考，同时也对该地区的水资源利用和生态环境保护产生基础性影响。
Abstract:Lakes play an important role in watershed water cycle, and play an irreplaceable role in regional climate regulation, promoting regional economic sustainable development and maintaining ecological environment. Quantitative lake evaporation is very important for the evaluation of water resources and ecological water demand in arid areas of northwest China. At present, the existing calculation methods of lake evaporation ignore the influence of water level depth on evaporation. Therefore, water surface evaporation experiments with different water level depths were carried out in the Ningxia Water and Environment Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, and the relationship between water level depth and water surface evaporation was explored by the Pearson correlation and nonlinear regression analysis. According to the calculated water surface potential evaporation conversion coefficient, a deep evaporation calculation model suitable for water surface evaporation in the Yinchuan Plain was fitted. The Qingshui Lake was taken as an example, and a single-beam unmanned ship was used to detect the shape of lake bed, and the depth of lake water level was obtained. The calculation model of deep evaporation was compared with the Penman-Monteith(PM) formula. The results show that the difference between the two models is 0.679 mm/d. In the trend of monthly average potential evaporation curve, the calculation results of the PM formula are obviously affected by temperature, while the relative temperature change of deep evaporation calculation model has lag characteristics, which better reflects the adjustment of water level depth to temperature and makes the calculation of potential evaporation more accurate. The depth evaporation calculation model fitted in this study improves the calculation accuracy of lake surface evaporation in the Yinchuan Plain, provides a parameter test for lake ecological research in Yinchuan, and also has a basic impact on water resources utilization and ecological environment protection in this area.
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表 1 相关性分析
Table 1. Correlation analysis
Eg T v H P 皮尔逊相关系数 1 0.768** 0.034** −0.223** −0.599** Sig.（双尾） 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 注：Sig.值表示变量与变量关系的显著性，当某自变量的Sig.值小于0.05时，表明该自变量与因变量有相关性。**代表显著性，表明Sig.值小于0.01，即变量与变量关系的显著性结论犯错误的可能性是1%。 
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表 2 深度与水面观测蒸发量曲线拟合优度参数
Table 2. Goodness-of-fit parameters of depth and observed evaporation curve on water surface
参数 线性 对数 逆 二次 三次 复合 幂 S型 增长 指数 Logistic R2 0.927 0.914 0.738 0.996 0.997 0.997 0.908 0.729 0.917 0.998 0.927 显著性 0.000 0.003 0.029 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.031 0.003 0.000 0.000
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表 3 不同月份与深度的水面潜在蒸发量折算系数
Table 3. Conversion coefficient of water surface evaporation in different months and at different depths
月份 水面潜在蒸发量折算系数 表达式 0.5 m 1.0 m 1.5 m 2.0 m 2.5 m 3.0 m 1 0.290 0.388 0.487 0.585 0.684 0.782 K1=0.197H+0.191 2 0.366 0.444 0.522 0.600 0.678 0.756 K2=0.156H+0.288 3 0.385 0.449 0.514 0.578 0.643 0.707 K3=0.129H+0.320 4 0.454 0.492 0.531 0.569 0.608 0.646 K4=0.077H+0.415 5 0.660 0.698 0.736 0.774 0.812 0.850 K5=0.076H+0.622 6 0.707 0.749 0.792 0.834 0.877 0.919 K6=0.085H+0.664 7 0.797 0.836 0.875 0.914 0.953 0.992 K7=0.078H+0.758 8 0.811 0.851 0.892 0.932 0.973 1.013 K8=0.081H+0.770 9 0.669 0.696 0.723 0.750 0.777 0.804 K9=0.054H+0.642 10 0.472 0.520 0.569 0.617 0.666 0.714 K10=0.097H+0.423 11 0.337 0.412 0.488 0.563 0.639 0.714 K11=0.151H+0.261 12 0.422 0.510 0.599 0.687 0.776 0.864 K12=0.177H+0.333
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表 4 清水湖各月的日平均水面潜在蒸发量
Table 4. Potential evaporation of daily average water surface in the Qingshui Lake in each month
计算结果 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 Ki 1.086 0.997 0.906 0.911 0.967 1.120 1.117 1.067 0.887 0.938 0.985 1.209 日均水面潜在蒸发量/mm 3.925 4.022 4.289 5.226 6.848 7.491 8.309 7.895 6.155 4.729 4.221 3.953
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