A study of simulation and optimization of the production-reinjection scheme of a geothermal water system: A case study of the geothermal space heating demonstration area in northern Jiangsu countryside
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摘要:
在地热资源开发利用过程中，热储温度、压力会随开采量和时间的增加而降低，地热尾水的排放也会对环境造成热污染，热储回灌可以成为解决这些问题的有效措施。在进行地热开发利用之前，科学合理地规划采灌井的布局方式，探索避免采灌井过早发生热突破、实现地热资源高效利用的最优采灌方案，有利于延长地热井的使用寿命。江苏沛县安国镇所在的丰沛盆地为古近纪以来发育的新生代断陷盆地，岩溶裂隙型热储分布较为广泛，以奥陶系灰岩为主。文章在安国镇地热资源勘查成果的基础上，基于地热井抽水试验、回灌试验获取的采灌井间距、灌采比等重要参数，利用Feflow6.2软件建立了地下热水渗流与热量运移三维耦合数值模型，模拟预测了奥陶系灰岩热储层中地热水的可开采资源量，进行了采灌井开发利用方案的模拟优选。研究结果表明：RPX01开采井与RPX02回灌井合理井底间距为389 m；地热井的灌采比为1.29，确定了一抽一灌的方式进行可持续开发利用；水位降深稳定在50.61 m时，开采井可开采资源量为1000 m3/d；开采量为1000 m3/d、回灌量1000 m3/d，回灌温度40 °C时，10个供暖期后开采井水位下降45.49 m，温度降低1.44 °C，是本次模拟方案中的最佳循环开发利用方案。上述结果为苏北农村清洁能源供暖示范区建设提供了科学决策依据。
Abstract:During the process of developing and utilizing geothermal resources, various challenges are encountered. One such challenge is the decrease in temperature and pressure of the geothermal reservoir as a result of the increasing geothermal exploitation and duration. In addition, the discharge of geothermal tail water poses a risk of thermal pollution, leading to environmental concerns. To address these issues effectively, reinjection of geothermal fluids into the reservoir can be implemented as a viable solution. Prior to initiating the geothermal development and utilization, it is crucial to conduct scientifical and rational planning of the layout of production and reinjection wells. This involves exploring optimal strategies for the production-reinjection scheme that prevents the premature thermal breakthrough and maximize the efficient utilization of geothermal resources, thereby extending the lifespan of the geothermal reservoir. The Fengpei Basin, a Cenozoic rift basin that developed since the Paleogene period, exhibits a widespread distribution of geothermal reservoirs, primarily composed of the Ordovician limestone with karst and fracture characteristics. Building upon the geothermal resource exploration results in the Anguo Town in Peixian County in Jiangsu Province, this study utilizes key parameters obtained from pumping tests and reinjection experiments, such as well spacing and the reinjection-to-production ratio. This paper establishes a 3D coupled numerical model of geothermal water seepage and heat transfer by using the Feflow6.2 software. The recoverable reserves of geothermal fluid within the geothermal reservoir are simulated and predictd, specifically the Ordovician limestone formation. Furthermore, a simulated optimization of the development and utilization scheme for the production-reinjection wells is conducted. The results reveal that an appropriate well spacing of 389 m between the producing well (RPX01) and the reinjection well (RPX02) is recommended. Moreover, the reinjection-to-production ratio, namely the ratio of average aquifer hydraulic conductivity, is determined to be 1.29, supporting a sustainable approach of one-for-one pumping and reinjection. With a stabilized drawdown of 50.61 m, the production well has a capacity to recover 1000 m3/d of geothermal resources. Under the conditions of a production rate and a reinjection rate of 1000 m3/d, as well as a reinjection temperature of 40 °C, the simulation predicts a decrease in groundwater level by 45.49 m and a temperature reduction of 1.44 °C after ten heating seasons. This represents the optimal cyclic development and utilization scheme among the simulated scenarios. The above results provide a scientific basis for decision-making in the construction of the clean energy heating demonstration area in rural northern Jiangsu. They contribute to the establishment of a scientifically sound and sustainable approach for utilizing geothermal resources, while considering the challenges associated with the thermal breakthrough and the environmental impact of geothermal tail water discharge.
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表 1 丰沛地区地热井热储层类型与出水量统计
Table 1. Statistics of the geothermal well reservoir type and water yield in Feng County and Pei County
井名 成井
时间井深/m 热储层 出水层段/m 水温/℃ 大降深水量
/（m3·d−1）燕牌坊地热井（YPFDR1） 2015年 851 奥陶系灰岩 491～851 35 800 丰参1井 1987年 3 946 白垩系、侏罗系砂岩 1 680～2 132 43 463 安国镇地热开采井（RPX01） 2021年 2 200 奥陶系灰岩 1 860～2 200 65 1 940 安国镇地热回灌井
（RPX02）2021年 2 000 奥陶系灰岩 1 928～2 000 52 422 注：丰参1井原为油气井，1987年完井，2020年对其进行地热井改造，成功出水。 
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表 2 不同采、灌方案设计一览表
Table 2. Different geothermal exploitation and reinjection schemes
方案编号 开采量/（m3·d−1） 回灌水量/（m3·d−1） 回灌
温度/°C方案编号 开采量/（m3·d−1） 回灌水量/（m3·d−1） 回灌
温度/°C方案编号 开采量/（m3·d−1） 回灌水量/（m3·d−1） 回灌
温度/°C1 1 000 1 000.00 50 9 1500 1 500.00 50 17 2000 2 000.00 50 2 1 000.00 40 10 1 500.00 40 18 2 000.00 40 3 666.67 50 11 1 000.00 50 19 1 333.33 50 4 666.67 40 12 1 000.00 40 20 1 333.33 40 5 500.00 50 13 750.00 50 21 1 000.00 50 6 500.00 40 14 750.00 40 22 1 000.00 40 7 333.33 50 15 500.00 50 23 666.67 50 8 333.33 40 16 500.00 40 24 666.67 40 无回灌开采 无回灌开采 无回灌开采
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表 3 不同采、灌方案水位、水温模拟结果统计表
Table 3. Simulation results of groundwater level and water temperature in different exploitation and reinjection schemes
方案编号 水位/m 水温/℃ 10个供暖期后 水位下降 10个供暖期后 水温
变化1/2 −81.04 45.49 64.11/63.89 −1.22/−1.44 3/4 −82.56 47.01 64.18/64.09 −1.15/−1.24 5/6 −83.35 47.8 64.28/64.22 −1.05/−1.11 7/8 −84.13 48.58 64.38/64.33 −0.95/−1.00 无回灌开采 −86.73 51.18 65.55 0.22 9/10 −100.88 65.33 63.27/63.09 −2.06/−2.24 11/12 −103.19 67.64 63.38/63.31 −1.95/−2.02 13/14 −104.36 68.81 63.51/63.50 −1.82/−1.83 15/16 −105.57 70.02 63.77/64.22 −1.56/−1.11 无回灌开采 −109.51 73.96 65.62 0.29 17/18 −120.79 85.24 63.01/62.66 −2.32/−2.67 19/20 −123.88 88.33 63.23/63.14 −2.10/−2.19 21/22 −125.44 89.89 63.66/63.43 −1.67/−1.90 23 −126.98 91.43 64.18/64.10 −1.15/−1.23 无回灌开采 −132.29 96.74 65.65 0.32
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