Analysis of water balance in the middle reaches of the Yellow River based on ecological water demand: A case study on Qinhe River Basin
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摘要:
为推动黄河流域生态保护及高质量发展，解决地表水资源供需矛盾，亟需开展水平衡分析，建立水平衡模型，为水资源合理分配提供参考依据。作为黄河的重要支流，沁河流域位于黄河中游末端，由于近年来上游调水政策的施行以及流域内生活、生产用水的增加，用水矛盾突出，出现了河道断流、入黄水量偏枯等问题。为保障河流生态环境健康，优化引沁入汾跨流域提水工程实施后的流域水资源供需平衡，以2021年为现状年，在“自然-人工”二元水循环研究理论的指导下，运用水平衡分析理论与方法，以河道内生态需水为保障基础，对沁河流域水资源需求、供水能力与供需平衡进行了分析与讨论。结果表明：（1）沁河流域水资源供给和需求在空间分布上具有分异性，上游山西省境内各河段河道内均能够保障适宜的生态需水量，下游河南省境内，仅可满足最小生态需水量；（2）沁河流域可供给水资源总量为10.04×108 m3，河道外生产、生活及生态用水总量为8.89×108 m3，剩余河道内水量仅为1.15×108 m3，仅可满足河流最小生态需水；（3）推算至2030年，流域内工业生产及生活取用地表水量将达到6.98×108 m3，河道外用水总量将达到9.81×108 m3，剩余水量无法满足最小生态需水。建议采用降低工业用水量、提高农田灌溉用水利用率、推广使用高效节水技术，进一步增强水资源的有效利用，改善流域生态环境。研究结果可为合理规划沁河流域水资源调度提供参考，也可为黄河中游水平衡分析提供范例。
Abstract:Analysis of water balance in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is important for the effective water resources management, ecological protection, and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. The Qinhe River Basin, located at the end of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, has serious water problems, such as, river interruption and insufficient inflow into the Yellow River, due to the implementation of the upstream water diversion policy and the increase in domestic and industrial water use. To address the water problems, the water resource demand, water supply capacity, and supply-demand balance of the basin were analyzed based on the ecological water demand. The results show that (1) the spatial distribution of water supply and water demand in the Qinhe River basin is heterogeneous. All the upstream river reaches in the Shanxi Province are able to guarantee the ecological water demand in the river channel, while in the downstream Henan Province, only the minimum water demand can be met; (2) the total suppliable water resources in the Qinhe River basin is 10.04×108 m3, and the sum of industrial, domestic, and ecological water use outside the river channel is 8.89×108 m3. The remaining water in the river channel is only 1.15×108 m3, which can only meet the minimum ecological water demand; (3) the amount of surface water used by industrial production and life in the basin will be 6.98×108 m3 in 2030, and the total amount of water use will be 9.81×108 m3, resulting in that the remaining water cannot support the minimum ecological water demand. We pose five suggestions for the water problem in the Qinhe River Basin: Reducing the industrial water consumption, improving the water utilization rate of agricultural irrigation, promoting water conservation technologies with high effectiveness, and improving the ecological environment. This study can provide basic information for the effective water resources management in the Qinhe River basin.
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表 1 沁河流域各行业用水定额表
Table 1. Water quota table for various industries in the Qinhe River Basin
省份 地区 城镇
生活/
（L·d −1）农村
居民/
（L·d −1）工业
增加值/
（m3·万元 −1）农田有效
灌溉面积
/（m3·m−2）大型牲畜/
（L·d −1）小型
牲畜/
（L·d −1）山西 沁河 134 77 25.1 0.24 25 1 丹河 175 68 29.6 0.25 25 1 河南 济源 210 83 16.1 0.48 30 0.7 焦作 158 71 19.1 0.32 30 0.7 
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表 2 Tennant法中不同流量比例及对应的河道内生态环境
Table 2. Different flow ratios in Tennant method and the corresponding ecological environment in river channels
流量值栖息地定性描述 基流标准（多年平均天然流量百分数）/％ 一般用水期
（10月至次年3月）鱼类产卵育幼期
（4—9 月）最佳 60～100 60～100 极好 40 60 适宜 20 50 最小 10 10 极差 0～10 0～10
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表 3 平均地表径流系数
Table 3. Average coefficients of surface runoff
生态系统类型 植被类型 平均地表径流系数/% 森林 常绿针叶林 4.52 落叶阔叶林 2.70 灌丛 常绿阔叶灌丛 4.26 落叶阔叶灌丛 4.17 草原 温带草原 3.94 高山草甸 4.17 耕地 旱地 16.27 灌溉农田 18.27 湿地 沼泽和水库 0
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表 4 沁河流域各水文分区基础数据
Table 4. Basic information of each hydrological division in the Qinhe River Basin
控制
断面
起点控制
断面
终点流域水面
面积
/km2河道长度
（含支流）
/km多年平均
降水量
/mm多年平均
实际蒸发量
/mm多年平均
水面蒸发量
/mm沁河源 飞岭 15.34 552.36 533.34 396.93 1601.21 飞岭 润城 29.90 978.03 613.08 384.39 1732.94 润城 五龙口 9.71 279.29 659.12 393.97 1658.21 丹河源 山路平 8.13 307.98 701.31 340.27 2006.32 五龙口 武陟 12.65 479.64 598.07 381.08 1827.81 沁河源 入黄口 75.73 2597.30 606.09 382.48 1742.37
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表 5 沁河流域2021年人口、经济发展状况
Table 5. Population and economic development in the Qinhe River Basin in 2021
断面起点 断面终点 总人口/万人 城镇人口/万人 农村人口/万人 工业产值/万亿 有效灌溉耕地面积/（104 hm2） 大型牲畜/万头 小型牲畜/万头 沁河源 飞岭 18.04 8.44 9.67 135.65 132.02 30.32 4.38 飞岭 润城 56.83 27.56 29.27 537.16 249.53 34.59 112.57 润城 五龙口 23.03 11.11 11.93 174.16 154.03 21.92 43.98 丹河源 山路平 138.98 98.81 40.17 585.45 390.01 46.04 176.79 五龙口 武陟 89.12 50.16 38.96 829.74 359.87 124.41 95.67 沁河源 入黄口 326.01 196.08 130.01 2262.15 1285.45 257.27 433.39
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表 6 沁河流域2021年生活、生产需水量
Table 6. Water demands for life and production in the Qinhe River Basin in 2021 /（108 m3）
断面
起点断面
终点居民生活
用水量工业
用水量耕地
用水量牲畜
用水量总需水量 沁河源 飞岭 0.05 0.23 0.41 0.01 0.70 飞岭 润城 0.14 0.53 0.57 0.12 1.36 润城 五龙口 0.06 0.47 0.34 0.05 0.92 五龙口 武陟 0.22 0.69 2.69 0.12 3.72 丹河源 山路平 0.26 1.29 0.76 0.18 2.49 沁河源 入黄口 0.73 3.21 4.77 0.47 9.19
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表 7 沁河流域2021年生态环境需水量
Table 7. Calculated water demand for ecological environment in the Qinhe River Basin in 2021 /（108 m3）
断面
起点断面
终点实测
径流量天然
径流量还原
径流量最小
生态
需水量适宜
生态
需水量最佳生态
需水量
（60%）沁河源 飞岭 0.91 1.20 0.29 0.11 0.41 0.64 飞岭 润城 2.15 2.99 0.84 0.25 1.01 1.55 润城 五龙口 3.95 4.69 0.74 0.43 1.64 2.59 五龙口 武陟 3.88 6.52 2.64 0.52 1.95 3.12 丹河源 山路平 1.16 2.06 0.89 0.16 0.65 0.89
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表 8 沁河流域2021年水面蒸发、渗漏及景观需水量
Table 8. Water demands for water surface evaporation, seepage and river landscape in the Qinhe River Basin in 2021 /（104 m3）
断面起点 断面终点 水面蒸发量 河床渗漏量 河道景观需水量 沁河源 飞岭 1310.54 182.91 471.15 飞岭 润城 2678.91 209.94 615.74 润城 五龙口 970.03 305.26 481.01 五龙口 武陟 848.75 85.65 612.09 丹河源 山路平 1244.79 208.33 605.07 沁河源 入黄口 7053.02 992.09 2785.06
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表 9 沁河流域2021年河滨带生态环境需水量
Table 9. Ecological environment water demand in the riverside zone of the Qinhe River Basin in 2021 /（104 m3）
断面
起点断面
终点河滨带
降水量河滨带
蒸发量河滨带植被
需水量河滨带
补充水量沁河源 飞岭 2899.08 2192.51 585.68 120.89 飞岭 润城 5394.64 3759.47 1410.22 224.96 润城 五龙口 1637.76 1100.31 469.16 68.29 五龙口 武陟 1829.83 1047.96 705.56 76.30 丹河源 山路平 2928.61 1827.79 978.69 122.12 沁河源 入黄口 14689.92 9928.04 4149.31 612.56
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表 10 沁河流域2021年各节点供、需水量
Table 10. Water supply and water demand at each node in the Qinhe River Basin in 2021
/（108 m3） 断面起点 断面终点 实测径流量 补给水量 消耗水量 可供生态需水量 生产用水回流量 河滨带补水量 河道蒸发渗流量 河道外生态需水量 引、提、调水量 沁河源 飞岭 0.91 0.40 0.01 0.15 0.05 1.11 飞岭 润城 2.15 0.87 0.02 0.29 0.06 0.69 1.26 润城 五龙口 3.95 0.60 0.01 0.13 0.05 1.85 五龙口 武陟 3.88 1.85 0.01 0.10 0.06 0.53 0.81 丹河源 山路平 1.16 1.63 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.51 1.51
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表 11 沁河2021年流域供、需水量
Table 11. Water supply and water demand in the Qinhe River basin in 2021
/（108 m3） 断面起点 断面终点 地表水取用比 地表水取用量 河道外生态需水量 再生水量 河滨带补水量 河道蒸发渗流量 引提调水量 实测径流量 沁河源 飞岭 0.59 0.41 0.05 0.40 0.01 0.15 0.91 飞岭 润城 0.52 0.71 0.06 0.87 0.02 0.29 0.69 2.15 润城 五龙口 0.51 0.47 0.05 1.35 0.01 0.13 3.95 五龙口 武陟 0.51 3.20 0.06 1.85 0.01 0.10 0.53 3.88 丹河源 山路平 0.52 1.28 0.06 1.63 0.01 0.15 0.51 1.16 沁河源 入黄口 0.53 6.07 0.28 6.10 0.06 0.81 1.73 3.88
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表 12 沁河流域2030年社会经济及生产、生活需水量
Table 12. Socio-economic, industrial, and domestic water demand in the Qinhe River Basin in 2030
断面起点 断面终点 总人口
/万人工业产值
/亿元生活用水量
/（108 m3）工业用水量
/（108 m3）耕地用水量
/（108 m3）牲畜用水量
/（108 m3）地表水取用量
/（108 m3）沁河源 飞岭 27.03 212.62 0.04 0.37 0.33 0.01 0.44 飞岭 润城 86.11 420.47 0.12 0.89 0.57 0.12 0.89 润城 五龙口 34.84 259.55 0.05 0.79 0.35 0.05 0.63 五龙口 武陟 241.43 687.33 0.22 0.82 2.69 0.12 3.26 丹河源 山路平 141.35 427.41 0.20 2.28 0.76 0.18 1.76 沁河源 入黄口 530.76 2007.39 0.64 5.14 4.68 0.48 6.98
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