An analysis of groundwater circulation in the Pingyu mining area based on hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwater
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摘要:
矿区地下水对周边居民生活及煤炭工业建设起到重要的支撑作用，但煤矿开采过程中的矿井排水会改变原有的矿区地下水循环过程，进而改变地下水环境，因此，明晰“地下水、地表水、大气水”间的相互转化关系，是科学利用矿区水资源的关键。本研究通过分析平禹矿区地下水常规水化学及氢氧同位素，识别矿区地下水中主要组分来源及控制性因素，以明晰矿区在大规模矿井排水后的地下水循环特征。结果显示：研究区地下水水化学类型主要为HCO3—Ca·Mg，水化学组分受硅酸盐岩的风化溶解作用控制，地下水中离子主要来源于水-岩相互作用和人类活动所产生的废弃物，存在${\rm{NO}}_3^- $超标现象。氢氧同位素分析表明，矿区地下水以大气降水补给为主，孔隙水和岩溶水存在紧密的水力联系；矿井排水后，矿区地下水循环过程发生改变，岩溶水由原先顶托补给上层孔隙水转变为接受上层孔隙水的越流补给，再由矿井排水排放至地表水体当中，矿井排水成为矿区主要地下水排泄方式。研究结果可为矿区地下水开发与管理和地面沉降防治工作提供科学有效的依据。
Abstract:Groundwater in mining areas play an important supporting role in the surrounding residents' living and the construction of coal industries. Mine drainage during coal mining will change the original groundwater circulation process in mining areas, leading to changes in the groundwater environment. Therefore, clarifying the mutual transformation relationship between the “three waters” is the key to the scientific utilization of water resources in mining areas. Chemical components and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of the groundwater in the Pingyu mining area are combined to determine the characteristics of groundwater circulation after large-scale drainage of the mine, identify the origin and controlling factors of the major components in the groundwater. Hydrohemical analyses show that most of the groundwater are of HCO3—Ca·Mg type, The hydrochemical components are controlled by the weathering and dissolution of silicate, and the ions in the groundwater mainly come from water-rock interactions and the waste generated by human activities, with concentration of ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ exceeding the standard. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic data demonstrates that the groundwater in the study area receives recharge from modern precipitation, and there is a close hydraulic relationship between the groundwater in the unconsolidated aquifers and the groundwater in the karst aquifer. After the mine drainage, the groundwater circulation process in the mining area changes, the karst groundwater changes from supporting the upper pore groundwater to accepting the leakage recharge of the upper pore groundwater, and then discharges to the surface water by the mine drainage. The mine drainage becomes the main groundwater drainage way in the mine area. The research results can provide scientific and effective basis for groundwater development management and land subsidence prevention in mining areas.
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表 1 研究区主要水化学指标及统计值
Table 1. Main hydrochemical indicators and statistics in the study area
层位 样品编号 pH 质量浓度（ρ）/ （mg·L−1） TDS/ （mg·L−1） EC/（μS·cm−1） K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ H2SiO3 地表水 XF 7.15 5.45 19.35 46.53 26.13 20.74 73.20 223.62 6.86 20.12 310.64 485 YL 7.19 3.70 4.07 43.09 10.45 15.95 23.65 139.00 4.86 7.44 175.55 259 NT 7.22 12.00 17.44 67.21 26.13 25.52 61.28 290.10 12.70 24.49 368.10 505 XS 7.25 9.12 15.10 86.17 29.26 35.10 83.16 314.27 16.55 5.36 432.17 586 HS 7.28 9.38 16.10 39.64 15.68 38.29 13.50 181.31 1.30 5.89 225.28 342 YH 7.33 6.56 42.06 151.66 36.58 118.05 237.70 271.96 53.42 16.48 782.56 1139 HTL 7.35 4.36 11.46 44.81 19.86 35.10 68.60 145.05 1.29 6.41 258.43 374 LFS 7.40 8.74 13.55 44.81 19.86 38.29 48.26 169.22 1.09 1.24 259.60 368 LW 7.47 4.32 18.02 77.55 17.77 57.43 101.60 169.22 13.60 0.20 375.37 480 YW 7.49 4.89 24.01 67.21 26.13 82.95 116.20 145.05 <0.88 0.20 394.33 517 ZT 7.52 13.42 58.90 162.00 22.99 264.81 98.12 193.40 5.38 10.93 723.37 963 平均值 7.33 7.45 21.82 75.52 22.80 66.57 84.12 203.84 11.71 8.98 391.40 547.09 标准差 0.13 3.31 15.49 43.13 7.15 72.27 59.94 62.29 15.66 8.19 195.31 268.88 变异系数/％ 0.02 0.44 0.71 0.57 0.31 1.09 0.71 0.31 1.34 0.91 0.50 0.49 孔隙水 ZK3 7.23 3.84 20.71 99.96 34.49 63.81 48.84 338.45 31.15 19.14 472.64 678 ZK2 7.35 4.97 14.92 133.07 42.78 72.99 82.75 364.34 94.25 30.71 651.66 828 ZK4 7.32 3.03 35.92 128.26 35.00 149.39 48.20 237.61 64.34 18.17 583.22 1404 ZK7 7.22 1.89 11.54 72.14 23.33 8.69 23.68 332.66 22.30 22.48 347.62 597 ZK9 7.36 0.13 15.44 134.43 31.35 60.62 52.66 350.53 76.20 23.24 546.47 808 ZK8 7.26 4.88 19.02 48.26 30.31 31.91 30.45 278.01 3.38 10.78 307.72 489 ZK11 7.22 1.10 20.18 105.13 22.99 33.50 86.68 320.31 31.15 18.19 461.31 707 ZK13 7.26 4.08 19.57 98.24 31.35 54.24 55.82 350.53 37.00 17.45 475.93 805 ZK12 7.29 3.48 25.48 84.45 21.95 25.52 50.60 362.62 3.51 21.16 396.74 664 ZK16 7.32 7.77 13.87 82.73 11.50 31.91 28.83 253.83 26.68 14.59 330.69 580 平均值 7.28 3.52 19.67 98.66 28.50 53.26 50.85 318.89 39.00 19.59 457.40 756.00 标准差 0.05 2.18 6.99 28.05 8.76 39.23 21.03 46.02 30.12 5.37 113.67 252.69 变异系数/％ 0.01 0.62 0.36 0.28 0.31 0.74 0.41 0.14 0.77 0.27 0.25 0.33 岩溶水 SMH 7.30 3.94 26.90 98.56 43.56 159.53 63.60 229.66 43.50 21.98 554.76 852 MZ−1 7.32 0.99 11.93 95.22 26.34 35.10 75.55 296.14 28.71 16.12 422.23 712 ZK14 7.32 4.46 16.91 87.90 26.13 35.10 22.94 326.36 23.80 18.25 380.86 596 PYX 7.35 5.81 32.84 79.28 29.26 28.71 61.30 308.23 14.96 25.81 406.79 582 PYD 7.38 7.77 33.58 67.21 29.26 22.33 61.32 302.18 7.98 27.63 381.23 544 ZK19 7.30 3.38 12.90 130.30 12.16 45.62 39.76 364.34 31.12 19.45 458.02 466 DC−3 7.28 2.73 13.84 91.88 35.46 44.67 76.20 332.40 17.96 21.61 449.33 724 平均值 7.32 4.15 21.27 92.91 28.88 53.01 57.24 308.47 24.00 21.55 436.18 639.43 标准差 0.03 2.18 9.56 19.61 9.60 47.68 19.37 41.67 11.75 4.08 60.35 130.37 变异系数/％ 0.00 0.53 0.45 0.21 0.33 0.90 0.34 0.14 0.49 0.19 0.14 0.20 混合水 DC−1 7.25 1.01 10.73 82.02 27.35 22.33 28.83 327.57 21.70 19.15 358.14 539 DC−2 7.26 0.94 10.89 88.54 23.30 31.91 23.73 326.36 24.45 15.93 367.31 567 XLZ−1 7.33 0.96 9.52 81.86 20.26 19.14 19.52 325.15 14.86 16.32 329.13 515 CZ 7.42 0.07 9.04 86.17 31.35 22.33 50.94 362.62 15.25 12.36 396.81 532 平均值 7.32 0.74 10.04 84.65 25.57 23.93 30.76 335.42 19.07 15.94 362.85 485.78 标准差 0.08 0.45 0.91 3.27 4.83 5.53 13.98 18.16 4.77 2.78 27.88 106.66 变异系数/％ 0.01 0.60 0.09 0.04 0.19 0.23 0.45 0.05 0.25 0.17 0.08 0.22 
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表 2 孔隙水和岩溶水地下水化学成分分类
Table 2. Classification of chemical components of pore water and karst water in groundwater
水样类型 水化学类型 样品数/个 占比/％ 孔隙水 HCO3—Ca·Mg 7 70.00 HCO3—Ca 2 20.00 Cl·HCO3—Ca·Mg 1 10.00 岩溶水 HCO3—Ca·Mg 5 75.00 HCO3—Ca 1 12.50 Cl·HCO3—Ca·Mg 1 12.50 混合水 HCO3—Ca·Mg 4 100.00
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表 3 研究区主要化学组分相关性分析
Table 3. Correlation analysis of the main chemical components in the study area
K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ H2SiO3 TDS 地表水 K+ 1 Na+ 0.509 1 Ca2+ 0.427 0.915** 1 Mg2+ 0.225 0.507 0.587 1 Cl− 0.491 0.946** 0.858** 0.263 1 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.092 0.614* 0.744** 0.798** 0.440 1 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ 0.490 0.207 0.386 0.723* −0.009 0.354 1 ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ −0.073 0.415 0.635* 0.765** 0.203 0.920** 0.572 1 H2SiO3 0.351 0.239 0.222 0.436 0.024 0.184 0.599 0.334 1 TDS 0.392 0.912** 0.979** 0.723* 0.801** 0.833** 0.449 0.715* 0.281 1 孔隙水 K+ 1 Na+ −0.102 1 Ca2+ −0.353 0.243 1 Mg2+ −0.212 0.236 0.527 1 Cl− −0.049 0.720* 0.673* 0.594 1 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.292 0.131 0.643* 0.439 0.241 1 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ −0.375 −0.382 0.208 0.299 −0.372 0.433 1 ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ −0.195 0.002 0.902** 0.638* 0.623 0.517 0.150 1 H2SiO3 −0.300 −0.213 0.655* 0.479 0.134 0.508 0.653* 0.691* 1 TDS −0.286 0.298 0.940** 0.761* 0.727* 0.700* 0.266 0.906** 0.691* 1 岩溶水 K+ 1 Na+ 0.860* 1 Ca2+ −0.596 −0.664 1 Mg2+ 0.077 0.397 −0.493 1 Cl− −0.169 0.113 0.268 0.621 1 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.243 0.105 −0.256 0.503 0.128 1 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ −0.072 −0.474 0.340 −0.814* −0.747 −0.390 1 ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ −0.578 −0.371 0.672 0.157 0.805* −0.091 −0.423 1 H2SiO3 0.872* 0.891** −0.596 0.292 −0.062 0.203 −0.178 −0.582 1 TDS −0.356 −0.074 0.497 0.465 0.927** 0.274 −0.549 0.818* −0.132 1 混合水 K+ 1 Na+ 0.742 1 Ca2+ −0.353 0.161 1 Mg2+ −0.768 −0.282 0.214 1 Cl− 0.159 0.650 0.850 −0.060 1 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.947 −0.567 0.290 0.932 −0.135 1 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ −0.994** −0.707 0.311 0.830 −0.179 0.976* 1 ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ 0.531 0.956* 0.426 −0.105 0.822 −0.363 −0.501 1 H2SiO3 0.888 0.737 −0.548 −0.420 −0.029 −0.707 −0.833 0.514 1 TDS −0.809 −0.208 0.641 0.884 0.325 0.891 0.834 0.060 −0.641 1 注： *和**分别表示在0.005和0.01水平上相关性显著。
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表 4 研究区不同水体水化学参数的旋转因子载荷矩阵
Table 4. Rotation factor loading matrix of hydrochemical parameters of different water bodies in the study area
参数 地表水主成分 孔隙水主成分 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 K+ 0.646 −0.416 0.569 −0.128 −0.060 −0.887 Na+ 0.933 0.271 0.149 0.111 0.910 0.182 Ca2+ 0.839 0.495 0.160 0.903 0.147 0.203 Mg2+ 0.246 0.645 0.660 0.740 0.141 0.164 Cl− 0.987 0.096 −0.069 0.652 0.739 −0.112 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 0.366 0.910 0.156 0.630 −0.065 0.429 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ 0.062 0.331 0.876 0.264 −0.672 0.568 ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ 0.152 0.910 0.291 0.957 −0.013 −0.047 H2SiO3 0.048 0.128 0.783 0.749 −0.458 0.259 TDS 0.775 0.576 0.257 0.967 0.162 0.191 特征值 3.790 3.030 2.366 4.694 2.112 1.514 方差百分比 /% 37.904 30.299 23.660 46.944 21.117 15.144 累积方差 /% 37.904 68.203 91.863 46.944 68.061 83.205 参数 岩溶水主成分 混合水主成分 C1 C2 C3 Ｍ1 Ｍ2 Ｍ3 K+ 0.960 −0.162 −0.200 −0.763 0.638 −0.104 Na+ 0.957 0.113 0.138 −0.257 0.909 0.328 Ca2+ −0.689 0.335 −0.529 0.247 −0.101 0.964 Mg2+ 0.320 0.528 0.697 0.999 −0.014 −0.036 Cl− 0.007 0.990 0.103 −0.021 0.375 0.927 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.076 0.049 0.899 0.929 −0.370 0.024 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $ −0.315 −0.716 −0.508 0.825 −0.563 0.052 ${\rm{NO}}_3^- $ −0.485 0.844 −0.164 −0.073 0.833 0.548 H2SiO3 0.907 −0.088 0.148 −0.422 0.826 −0.374 TDS −0.207 0.920 0.115 0.898 −0.127 0.422 特征值 3.620 3.492 1.962 4.240 3.231 2.529 方差百分比 /% 36.195 34.915 19.624 42.401 32.307 25.293 累积方差 /% 36.195 71.111 90.734 42.401 74.707 100.000
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