基于地下水安全的六价铬土壤环境基准值推导案例

顾熙; 陈扣平; 吴吉春

doi:10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202307050

基于地下水安全的六价铬土壤环境基准值推导案例

南京大学地球科学与工程学院，江苏南京　210023

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFC1809102）

详细信息

作者简介: 顾熙（1998—），男，硕士研究生，主要从事地表水-地下水相互关系研究工作。E-mail：MF21290005@smail.nju.edu.cn

通讯作者: 陈扣平（1979—），女，博士，副教授，主要从事地表水-地下水相互关系研究工作。E-mail：kpchen@nju.edu.cn

中图分类号: X53

收稿日期: 2023-07-31

修回日期: 2023-09-20

刊出日期: 2024-01-15

Derivation case of Cr(VI) soil environmental criteria based on groundwater safety

School of Earth Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu　210023, China

More Information

Corresponding author: CHEN Kouping, kpchen@nju.edu.cn

Received Date: 31 July 2023

Revised Date: 20 September 2023

Publish Date: 15 January 2024

摘要

摘要:
重金属污染物六价铬[Cr(VI)]毒性较大，迁移性强，对地下水安全带来很大威胁，现行相关土壤标准多忽视了地下水安全，亟需制定基于地下水安全的Cr(VI)土壤环境基准值为污染场地监管提供支撑。调研借鉴国外制定基于地下水安全的污染物环境基准值的方法，以浙江黏壤土、江苏壤质砂土和吉林壤质黏土为研究对象，进行室内静态吸附试验，获得3种土壤的Cr(VI)分配系数。土壤参数及含水层相关参数通过查阅调研国内文献获得，采用美国环境保护署在土壤筛选指南中提出的土壤筛选值（soil screening level，SSL）方法，基于《地下水质量标准》（GBT 14848—2017）反推得到基于地下水安全的土壤环境基准值。研究结果表明：基于地下水安全的Cr(VI)土壤环境基准值分别为0.944 ，0.690 ，0.514 mg/kg，研究结果与国外以保护地下水安全为目的的基准值较为接近，但各研究地区土壤性质的差异使得基准值有所差别。因此各地监管机构在完善土壤环境质量评价体系时应当构建各地土壤及含水层参数数据库，为本地区土壤污染治理提供参考。研究结果可为我国各地区推导基于地下水安全的重金属土壤环境基准值提供科学依据。
- 环境基准 /
- 六价铬 /
- 土壤筛选值模型 /
- 地下水安全 /
- 分配系数
Abstract:
The heavy metal pollutant Cr (VI) has high toxicity and strong mobility, posing a great threat to groundwater safety. The current relevant soil standards often overlook groundwater safety. It is urgent to establish a Cr(VI) soil environmental reference value based on groundwater safety in order to provide support for the supervision of contaminated sites. In order to determine the calculation method of soil environmental reference value for groundwater protection that is in line with China’s characteristics, research and derivation of soil environmental reference value based on groundwater safety at home and abroad, and draw reference from foreign methods for formulating environmental reference value of pollutants based on groundwater safety. Taking Zhejiang clay loam, Jiangsu loamy sandy soil and Jilin loamy clay as research objects, the distribution coefficients of Cr(VI) in the three soils were obtained through indoor static adsorption tests. The soil parameters and aquifer-related parameters of the three soils were obtained through literature research, The soil screening level (SSL) method proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in the Soil Screening Guidelines was adopted, based on groundwater quality standards (GBT14848—2017), a soil environmental reference value aiming at groundwater protection is obtained.The results show that the baseline values of Cr(VI) soil environment based on groundwater safety were 0.944 0.690, 0.514 mg/kg, respectively. The results are close to the reference values of foreign countries for the purpose of protecting groundwater safety. However, the differences of soil properties in each study area make the final base values different. Therefore, when improving the soil environmental quality system, local regulatory agencies should build a database of soil and aquifer parameters to help soil pollution control. The research results can provide scientific basis for deducing the environmental reference value of heavy metal soil based on groundwater safety in various regions of China.
- environmental criteria /
- Cr(VI) /
- SSL model /
- groundwater protection /
- distribution coefficient

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图 1 3种土壤的Cr(VI)分配系数变化

Figure 1.

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图 2 SSL模型各参数取不同值时Cr(VI)土壤环境基准值变化

Figure 2.

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表 1 试验土壤的基本性质

Table 1. Basic properties of experimental soils

土壤	土壤化学性质					颗粒组成/%
土壤	pH	土壤有机质（SOM） /（g·kg⁻¹）	阳离子交换量（CEC） /（cmol·kg⁻¹）	全氮 /（g·kg⁻¹）	总无机碳 /（g·kg⁻¹）	>0.05~2mm	0.05~0.002 mm	<0.002 mm
吉林壤质黏土	7.62	30.33	29.01	1.66	1.01	25.80	41.90	32.30
浙江黏壤土	5.40	79.40	19.12	5.47	0.71	21.70	59.00	19.30
江苏壤质砂土	7.20	16.40	9.30	1.01	1.05	53.80	34.50	11.70

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表 2 3种土壤及相应含水层特征参数调研统计结果

Table 2. Statistical results of three soils and corresponding aquifers parameters

土壤类型	统计值	土壤干容重 /（g·cm⁻³）	含水孔隙度 /%	渗透速率 /（m·d⁻¹）	水力传导系数 /（m·d⁻¹）	数据来源
吉林壤质黏土	数据量/个	53	31	6	15	参考文献[27 − 35]
	范围	0.780～1.520	28.5～53.53	0.461～0.979	0.140～0.789
	平均值	1.331	43.9	0.648	0.523
浙江黏壤土	数据量/个	41	27	11	26	参考文献[36 − 44]
	范围	0.770～2.740	29.7～58.5	0.036～1.440	0.230～0.810
	平均值	1.927	35.8	0.432	0.640
江苏壤质砂土	数据量/个	51	51	21	21	参考文献[45 − 49]
	范围	2.650～2.720	21.5～48.5	0.052～1.620	0.220～0.674
	平均值	2.666	29.4	0.570	0.562

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表 3 3种土壤水文地质参数及其他参数取值

Table 3. Values of soil hydrogeological parameters and other parameters of three soils

土壤	土壤干容重 /（g·cm⁻³）	含水孔隙度 /%	渗透速率 /（m·d⁻¹）	水力传导系数 /（m·d⁻¹）	含水层厚度 /m	沿污染源长度 /m	水力梯度	地下水限量值 /（mg·L⁻¹）
吉林壤质黏土	1.331	43.9	0.648	0.523	2	40	1	0.1
浙江黏壤土	1.927	35.8	0.432	0.640
江苏壤质砂土	2.666	29.4	0.570	0.562

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表 4 3种试验土壤的关键参数计算

Table 4. Calculation of key parameters of three test soils

土壤类型	稀释系数	分配系数 /（L·kg⁻¹）	土壤Cr环境基准值 /（mg·kg⁻¹）
吉林壤质黏土	1.126	4.24	0.514
浙江黏壤土	1.231	7.48	0.944
江苏壤质砂土	1.154	5.87	0.690

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表 5 与美国各州基于地下水安全的土壤环境基准值的比较

Table 5. Comparison with soil environment criteria based on groundwater safety in US states

	研究地区及指标	稀释系数	基准值 /（mg·kg⁻¹）	数据来源
美国	EPA：通用土壤筛选值	20	38	参考文献[54]
	EPA：通用土壤筛选值	1	2	参考文献[54]
	纽约州：土壤清理目标	100	19	参考文献[55]
	马里兰州：保护地下水土壤标准	—	0.013	参考文献[56]
	佛罗里达州：清理目标等级	20	4.2	参考文献[57]
	新泽西州：修复目标值	1	1.6	参考文献[58]
中国	吉林壤质黏土	1.126	0.514
	浙江黏壤土	1.231	0.944
	江苏壤质砂土	1.154	0.690
注：表中“—”为数据缺失。

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表 6 本研究与《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 36600—2018）^[17]关于Cr(VI)阈值的比较

Table 6. Comparison of Cr(VI) threshold between this study and soil environmental quality-risk control standard for soil contamination of development land (GB 36600—2018)^[17]

指标		Cr(VI)阈值/（mg·kg⁻¹）
建设用地土壤筛选值	第一类用地	3.000
建设用地土壤筛选值	第二类用地	5.700
建设用地土壤管制值	第一类用地	30
建设用地土壤管制值	第二类用地	78
本研究	吉林壤质黏土	0.514
	浙江黏壤土	0.944
	江苏壤质砂土	0.690

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表 7 《地下水质量标准》（GBT 14848—2017）^[25]与《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749—2006）^[59]中Cr(VI)指标的比较

Table 7. Comparison of Cr(VI) index between standard for groundwater quality (GBT 14848—2017)^[25] and standard for drinking water quality (GB 5749—2006)^[59]

标准	Cr(VI)质量浓度/（mg·L⁻¹）
标准	Ⅰ类	Ⅱ类	Ⅲ类	Ⅳ类	Ⅴ类
《地下水质量标准》（GBT 14848—2017）^[25]	≤0.005	≤0.01	≤0.05	≤0.10	>0.10
《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749—2006）^[59]	0.05

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表 8 3种试验土壤在2种限量值情况下土壤Cr(VI)环境基准值计算

Table 8. Calculation of soil environment criteria for three test soils under two limited values

土壤类型	分类	地下水Cr(VI)污染限量值/（mg·L⁻¹）	土壤Cr(VI)环境基准值/（mg·kg⁻¹）
吉林壤质黏土	Ⅳ类	0.10	0.514
吉林壤质黏土	Ⅲ类	0.05	0.257
浙江黏壤土	Ⅳ类	0.10	0.944
浙江黏壤土	Ⅲ类	0.05	0.472
江苏壤质砂土	Ⅳ类	0.10	0.690
江苏壤质砂土	Ⅲ类	0.05	0.345

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