Groundwater imbalance and its mutual feedback relationship with land use in West Liaohe Plain
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摘要:
西辽河平原是我国北方重要的生态屏障，但是生态环境脆弱。2004年以来农田灌溉用水增加，地下水水位持续下降。为查明区域地下水失衡、生态效应及其影响因素，开展了西辽河平原地下水水位统测和长期监测，采用空间相关性分析、水均衡分析、土地利用转移矩阵、对地下水水位变化贡献度分析等方法，分析了区域地下水均衡状况及其与土地利用的互馈关系。结果表明：西辽河平原2020年地下水水位比2004年平均下降2.23 m，地下水储存量年均减少10.90×108 m3；平原中部农业集中灌溉区地下水水位下降幅度较大，尤其通辽科尔沁区地下水水位下降最为明显；西辽河平原地下水开采量对地下水水位下降的贡献度为33%，科尔沁区超过50%；地下水水位下降区水位埋深从4.71 m下降至8.34 m，导致草地退化，面积减少，覆盖度下降；西辽河平原地下水可持续开采量为24.28×108 m3/a。用于农业灌溉的地下水开采量增大是造成地下水水位下降的主要原因，为防止地下水水位持续下降，提出了提高节水灌溉能力，调整种植结构、引入外源水及压缩地下水开采量等综合治理建议。该研究成果可为区域农业种植规划、地下水管理与保护提供技术支撑。
Abstract:The West Liaohe Plain (WLP) is an important ecological barrier in northern China. Due to the increase in irrigation water since 2004, the groundwater level has continued to decline in the WLP. To investigate the regional groundwater imbalance, ecological effects, and their influence factors, the regional groundwater balance and its mutual feedback relationship with land use in the WLP were analyzed by using the methods of groundwater level measurement and long-term monitoring, the spatial correlation analysis, water balance analysis, land use transfer matrix, and contribution to groundwater level change. The results show that the groundwater level in the WLP in 2020 decreased by an average of 2.23 m compared with that in 2004, with a groundwater storage decrease rate of 10.90×108 m3 per year (average value). The large decline of groundwater level occurs in the centralized irrigated area in the central part, in particular in the Keerqin District, Tongliao City. The contribution of groundwater extraction to the groundwater level decrease is 33% in the WLP and more than 50% in the Keerqin district. In the area with a groundwater level decrease, the groundwater level depth increases from 4.71 m to 8.34 m, resulting in grassland degradation and coverage reduction. The sustainable extraction of groundwater in WLP is 24.28×108 m3/a. Increased groundwater extraction for agricultural irrigation is the main reason for the groundwater level decrease. To prevent the continuous groundwater level decline, comprehensive management methods, such as improving the capacity of water-saving irrigation, adjusting the planting structure, introducing water from the outer watershed, and reducing the amount of groundwater extraction are suggested. This study can provide technical support for regional agricultural cultivation planning and groundwater management and protection.
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表 1 西辽河平原多年平均地下水补给项、排泄项及储变量
Table 1. Groundwater recharge, discharge, and storage variation in West Liaohe Plain
/（108 m3·a−1） 地下水补给项 降水入渗量 河道渗漏量 渠灌渗漏量 井灌回归量 侧向补给量 总补给量 46.18 4.00 0.42 3.46 0.75 54.81 排泄项 潜水蒸发量 向河流排泄量 地下水开采量 侧向流出量 总排泄量 24.93 1.20 35.20 0.57 61.90 地下水储变量 绝对均衡差 −10.90 3.81 
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表 2 西辽河平原县旗可持续开采量
Table 2. Annual sustainable exploitation of counties in West Liaohe Plain /（108 m3·a−1）
区域 开采量 地下水储存量变化量 可持续开采量 阿鲁科尔沁旗 1.47 −1.16 0.31 巴林右旗 0.28 −0.14 0.14 翁牛特旗 0.86 −0.62 0.24 敖汉旗 1.08 −0.51 0.57 科尔沁区 4.55 −1.95 2.60 科尔沁左翼中旗 8.17 −1.40 6.77 科尔沁左翼后旗 4.26 0.15 4.41 开鲁县 4.49 −3.14 1.35 库伦旗 0.11 0.03 0.14 奈曼旗 4.44 −1.55 2.89 扎鲁特旗 1.32 −0.61 0.71 科尔沁右翼中旗 1.18 −0.22 0.96 双辽市 2.08 0.11 2.19 长岭县 0.44 0 0.44 通榆县 0.47 0.09 0.56 西辽河平原 35.20 −10.90 24.28
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表 3 西辽河平原土地利用转移矩阵
Table 3. Land use transfer matrix in West Liaohe Plain
/km2 2020年 草地 耕地 建筑用地 林地 沙地 水域 沼泽湿地 总计 2000年 草地 12010.51 3557.71 294.11 431.03 2554.39 288.63 474.29 19610.67 耕地 2808.53 9599.06 592.69 737.78 1042.40 252.27 194.29 15227.02 建筑用地 246.11 536.56 217.61 51.15 113.15 14.33 24.01 1202.91 林地 422.59 688.37 47.21 444.53 191.85 41.64 22.17 1858.37 沙地 2418.76 1116.12 130.06 167.43 4057.68 103.91 228.12 8222.08 水域 249.31 322.95 21.65 32.43 128.26 410.78 104.33 1269.72 沼泽湿地 482.59 253.79 32.47 22.65 260.16 53.60 605.23 1710.50 总计 18638.41 16074.56 1335.81 1887.01 8347.89 1165.15 1652.45 49101.27
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表 4 科尔沁区地下水均衡项及变化情况
Table 4. The items of groundwater balance and changes in the Horqin District
/（108 m3·a−1） 时间 补给量 排泄量 均衡差 降水入渗量 井灌回归量 总补给量 蒸发量 农田灌溉量 工业生活开采量 总排泄量 2005—2010年 3.10 1.06 4.16 0.79 3.53 1.05 5.37 −1.21 2011—2020年 3.63 0.76 4.39 0.70 3.80 1.30 5.80 −1.41 变化量 0.53 −0.30 0.23 −0.09 0.27 0.25 0.43
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表 5 西辽河平原地下水水位埋深变化区林地、草地面积
Table 5. Different types of woodland and grassland areas in the study area
/（104 hm2） 土地类型 地下水水位上升区 地下水水位下降区 2000年 2010年 2020年 2000年 2010年 2020年 林地 有林地 440.98 426.84 572.63 643.09 610.58 640.45 灌木林 130.03 127.20 107.84 137.10 130.03 124.90 疏林地 115.90 113.07 128.13 344.87 323.67 349.96 草地 高覆盖 2804.16 2773.06 2708.65 5804.77 5578.63 5144.80 中覆盖 3228.17 3236.65 3280.59 4575.13 4575.13 4534.38 低覆盖 972.41 1006.33 1041.42 2107.36 2128.56 2042.19
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