Analysis on development characteristics and formation mechanism of karst collapse in Shakou Town, Yingde City of Guandong Province
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摘要:
近年，广东省粤北山区隐伏区岩溶地面塌陷日益增加，直接影响人民生产生活。英德市沙口镇某村地质环境复杂，第四系覆盖层厚度薄，底部卵石层与下覆天子岭组灰岩直接接触，溶洞与断层破碎带发育，溶洞与溶洞间连通性较好，岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害严重。在综合分析沙口镇某村地质环境条件基础上，从内、外两方面因素，对岩溶地面塌陷发育特征及形成机理进行分析，认为在长期地下水位波动、潜蚀及淘蚀等作用松散盖层土体颗粒流失形成土洞，地表水与地下水强烈交替形成正负压力等作用下，土洞上部盖层发生塌陷。研究结论为科学制定岩溶地面塌陷防治方案提供依据。
Abstract:In recent years, the collapse of hidden karst ground in the mountainous area of north Guangdong Province is increasing, which directly affects people's production and life. In a village of Shakou Town, Yingde City, where the geological environment conditions are complex and the quaternary overburden is thin, serious geological disaster of karst ground collapse has occurred due to the development of the karst cave and fault fracture zone and the connectivity between karst cave and karst cave. The direct contact between the bottom pebble layer and the overlying limestone of Tianziling Formation also accounts for the disastrous consequence. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the geological environment conditions of the village in Shakou Town, the development characteristics and formation mechanism of karst ground collapse from internal and external factors were analyzed. It is concluded that the loose cavern is formed by the loss of soil particles in the loose cavern under the interaction of long-term fluctuation of groundwater level, erosion and scouring; the strong alternation of surface water and groundwater forms the positive and negative pressure action; the ground collapse is caused by the loss of bearing capacity of the upper cavern. The conclusion of the research provides sufficient basis for making projects of preventing karst ground collapse scientifically.
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表 1 研究区岩溶地面塌陷统计表
Table 1. Statistical table of karst ground collapse in the study area
编号 发生时间 平面形态 地貌及第四系岩性 造成损失 T1 2020-04-26 呈16.45×14.03 m的椭圆形，深4.9m 河流阶地，粉质黏土、粉砂及卵石 毁田 T2 2020-04-26 呈直径9.5 m的近圆形，深3.8 m 河流阶地，粉质黏土、粉砂及卵石 毁田 T3 2020-04-26 呈12.1×10.03 m的椭圆形，深3.8 m 河流阶地，粉质黏土、粉砂及卵石 毁田 T4 2020-02-04 呈7.95×6.80 m的椭圆形，深6.5 m 河流阶地，粉质黏土、粉砂及卵石 毁田 T5 2020-02-05 呈7.7×4.4 m的椭圆形，深6.5 m 河流阶地，粉质黏土、粉砂及卵石 毁田 T6 2020-02-05 呈10.1×7.24 m的椭圆形，深5.2 m 丘陵坡地，粉质黏土 毁竹林 T7 2020-07-19 呈6.68 m的近圆形，深4.3 m 河流阶地，粉质黏土、粉砂及卵石 毁田 T8 1978年 呈5.0 m的近圆形，深5.0 m 河流阶地，粉质黏土、粉砂及卵石 毁田 
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表 2 钻孔揭露土洞、溶洞特征表
Table 2. Characteristics of cave and karst cave exposed by boreholes
孔号 岩面埋深/m 溶洞顶板埋深/m 洞高/m 充填情况 溶洞层数 WTK1 19.2 19.2 1.1 全充填 1 WTK2 13.4 13.8 2.8 半充填 2 17.1 1.8 半充填 WTK3 33.1 30.8（土洞） 1.1 无充填 4 33.4 1.05 半充填 34.7 3.8 半充填 38.8 1.4 半充填 WTK6 11.6 12.2 0.2 无充填 1 WTK7 17.6 18.3 0.6 半充填 1 WTK8 12.8 14.4 1.2 半充填 1 WTK10 30.3 31.6 0.7 半充填 1 WTK11 19.7 22.1 0.5 半充填 1 ZK1 12.2 13.4 1.5 全充填 1 ZK2 19.7 18.2 1.3 半充填 1 ZK3 18.6 16.4（土洞） 2.2 无 2 18.7 1.6 全充填 ZK4 12.3 12.4 0.5 全充填 2 13.2 1.5 ZK5 16.1 16.3 1.6 半充填 1 ZK6 20.2 20.7 2.4 半充填 2 23.6 1.3 半充填 ZK7 12.3 13.1 1.1 全充填 2 15.1 1.8 ZK8 12.1 12.5 2.3 全充填 1 ZK10 11.6 12.4 0.4 全充填 1 ZK12 20.9 21.0 4.2 全充填 2 26.1 6.7 ZK14 13.6 17.3 1.8 全充填 1 ZK15 21.4 18.1（土洞） 3.3 半充填 1 ZK16 19.1 19.6 2.3 全充填 2 22.2 0.5 ZK18 11.2 11.8 0.4 全充填 4 13.7 2.6 16.4 2.0 18.8 3.6 ZK19 10.8 12.9 1.9 无充填 2 16.1 1.1 无充填 ZK21 20.4 21.6 0.7 半充填 1 ZK26 15.6 15.9 1.3 半充填 1
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