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摘要:
云南高原岩溶塌陷总的特征是由岩溶高原特定的地质环境、岩溶发育、水文地质以及水文气象和人类工程活动等因素综合影响和决定的，文中通过对这些因素及其作用机制的分析，深化了对高原岩溶塌陷基本特征和发育规律的认识。云南高原岩溶塌陷区域上分布零星，地段上呈现“点状”特征，主要集中发育于岩溶断陷盆地、岩溶槽谷（洼）地、岩溶台地或古高原面等特定的岩溶地质环境单元。主要原因是高原大部分区域为裸露型基岩山区，江河深切，垂直岩溶带发育，地下水埋藏普遍较深；盆、谷、洼地等人类聚居区，除边缘地带外，松散土覆盖层厚度较大，且黏性土层占比高，土体固结度也较高；岩溶发育不均匀，岩溶洞、管发育，但总体上地下岩溶率并不高，引发岩溶塌陷的洞、管较为孤立分散。
Abstract:The general characteristics of karst collapse in Yunnan plateau is comprehensively influenced and determined by the specific geological environment, karst development, hydrogeology, hydrometeorology and human engineering activities. This article analyses these factors and its mechanism, deepen the understanding on the basic characteristics and development law of karst collapse. The karst collapse in Yunnan Plateau is sporadically distributed, showing "point" characteristics, and mainly develops in karst geological environment units such as karst faulted basin, karst trough valley (depression) land, karst platform or ancient plateau surface.The main reason is that most of the plateau is exposed bedrock mountainous area, with deep rivers, vertical karst zones and deep groundwater.In basin, valley, depression and other areas inhabited by human beings, the overburden of loose soil is thicker, the proportion of cohesive soil layer is higher, and the degree of soil consolidation is higher, except for the marginal zone.Karst development is not uniform, karst caves and tubes are developed, but the underground karst rate is not high in general, and the caves and tubes that cause karst collapse are isolated and scattered.
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Key words:
- karst collapse /
- plateau environment /
- formation mechanism /
- karst hydrogeology /
- yunnan plateau
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表 1 昆明盆地浅覆盖区土层基本物理力学指标[22]
Table 1. Basic physical and mechanical indexes of soil layers in shallow coverage area of Kunming Basin
性质 指标 γ/（g·cm−3） W/% e Ip IL C/kPa ψ/（°） a1−2/kPa−1 Es/kPa R/kPa 残坡积
（Qdl+el）最大平均值 1.96 33.86 0.98 20.54 0.40 69 21.10 0.00033 12464 270 最小平均值 1.83 26.37 0.76 16.04 0.11 42 16.10 0.00017 7364 180 算术平均值 1.89 29.73 0.87 18.08 0.21 56 18.20 0.00023 9728 220 冲洪积
（Qal+pl）最大平均值 1.95 29.00 0.91 15.29 0.58 50 17.93 0.00028 9298 206 最小平均值 1.89 25.62 0.76 11.00 0.31 37 16.30 0.00020 6928 174 算术平均值 1.92 28.23 0.81 13.00 0.44 47 17.37 0.00024 8056 193 
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表 2 昆明地区岩溶塌陷坑分布情况表
Table 2. Distribution of karst collapse pits in Kunming area
塌陷地段 翠湖—圆通山 金马寺 浑水塘—秧田冲 大板桥 马街 庄科山 明朗水库 海口 其他 合计 塌陷坑数/处 116 33 79 24 11 21 76 37 8 405 百分比/% 28.64 8.15 19.51 5.93 2.72 5.19 18.77 9.14 1.98 100
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