Types and characteristics of geological disasters induced by the “7·21” rainstorm in Beijing
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摘要:
降雨是突发地质灾害主要诱因之一，文章通过剖析降雨及其引发的地质灾害的典型案例，研究突发地质灾害时空分布特点及规律，为极端气象条件下的防灾减灾提供技术支持。文中对北京市有气象记录以来强度最大的“7·21”特大暴雨及其引发的地质灾害数据进行系统分析，分析不同类型的突发地质灾害数量、规模、灾情与降雨量及降雨强度之间的响应关系，重点研究了北京西部山区短时强降雨泥石流发生的阈值。结果显示，随着与降雨中心距离的增加，突发地质灾害的数量、种类及规模逐渐变少，降雨强度是诱发突发地质灾害的关键因素；不同类型突发地质灾害的激发雨量和雨强具有明显差别，泥石流、滑坡的触发雨量与雨强高于崩塌；北京山区诱发泥石流的累计降雨量阈值为187.4～257.2 mm，小时雨强阈值为51.2～62 mm。基于研究结果将“7·21”触发泥石流的实时数据与以往基于平均雨强的泥石流临界雨量进行对比，对北京基于平均雨强的临界雨量模型进行了修正，为提高地质灾害的预警预报精度提供技术保障。
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关键词:
- 时空维度 /
- 暴雨量 /
- 诱发地质灾害类型特征 /
- “7·21”特大暴雨
Abstract:Because of rainfall is one of the main inducing factors of sudden geological disasters, by analyzing the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of typical rainfall and the induced geological disasters, this paper studies the characteristics and laws of different types of rainfall and its induced sudden geological disasters, so as to provide technical support for disaster prevention and reduction under extreme meteorological conditions. Using the method of typical case analysis, this paper systematically analyzes the "7·21" rainstorm with the greatest intensity since the meteorological records in Beijing and its geological disaster data, and studies the response relationship between the number, scale and disaster situation of different types of sudden geological disasters and rainfall and rainfall intensity, This paper focuses on the threshold of short-term heavy rainfall debris flow in the mountainous area of western Beijing.The results show that with the increase of the distance from the rainfall center, the number, type and scale of sudden geological disasters gradually decrease, and the rainfall intensity is the key factor inducing the occurrence of sudden geological disasters. The triggered rainfall and rainfall intensity of different types of sudden geological disasters are obviously different. The triggered rainfall intensity and rainfall of debris flow and landslide are higher than that of collapse. The cumulative rainfall threshold of debris flow induced in Beijing mountainous area is 187.4−257.2 mm, and the hourly rainfall intensity threshold is 51.2−62 mm. Based on the research results, the real-time data of debris flow triggered by “7·21” are compared with the previous critical rainfall of debris flow based on average rainfall intensity, and the critical rainfall prediction model based on average rainfall intensity in Beijing is modified, so as to provide technical guarantee for improving the accuracy of early warning and prediction of geological disasters.
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表 1 北京市各区地质灾害类型及数量统计一览表
Table 1. Statistical list of types and quantities of geological hazards in various districts of Beijing
所在区 地质灾害数量 地质灾害类型/处 崩塌 不稳定斜坡 地面塌陷 滑坡 泥石流 房山区 931 420 306 38 13 154 门头沟区 703 512 90 49 5 47 昌平区 440 265 132 0 4 39 密云区 1065 374 436 0 5 250 平谷区 436 181 180 6 21 48 海淀区 41 21 10 1 0 9 石景山区 28 11 15 0 1 1 怀柔区 710 423 69 0 6 212 丰台区 28 17 8 0 0 3 延庆区 582 423 69 0 6 48 合计 4964 2623 1379 95 56 811 
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表 2 “7·21”北京市各区地质灾害类型及数量统计一览表
Table 2. Statistical list of types and quantities of geological disasters in Beijing on 21，July
所在区 地质灾害数量 地质灾害类型/处 崩塌 不稳定斜坡 地面塌陷 滑坡 泥石流 房山区 105 59 13 2 10 21 门头沟区 24 14 5 5 0 0 昌平区 13 13 0 0 0 0 密云区 5 3 0 0 1 1 平谷区 4 3 0 0 0 1 海淀区 4 4 0 0 0 0 石景山区 3 1 0 0 2 0 怀柔区 2 2 0 0 0 0 丰台区 1 0 0 0 0 1 延庆区 0 0 0 0 0 0 合计 161 99 18 7 13 24
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表 3 “7·21”北京市各区地质灾情统计一览表
Table 3. Statistics of geological disasters in Beijing on 21，July
所在区 灾害
数量灾情等级 灾害损失情况 一般级 较大级 重大级 特大级 房山区 105 101 2 1 1 造成1人死亡，80余处房屋受损，超过5公里道路堵塞，另外造成大量农田及果树毁坏，大量干砌石挡墙倒塌，部分桥梁以及景区设施破坏 门头沟区 24 24 0 0 0 损坏房屋7间，造成妙峰山景区道路中断，3处挡墙倒塌，破坏农田及果园 昌平区 13 13 0 0 0 未造成人员伤亡、房屋损坏及道路破坏，一辆大货车损坏 密云区 5 5 0 0 0 无人员伤亡及房屋损坏，主要造成部分道路阻塞，破坏50亩农田 海淀区 4 4 0 0 0 封堵占压防火通道，损坏挡墙60余米，破坏树木70余棵 平谷区 4 4 0 0 0 无人员伤亡及房屋损坏，造成部分村级道路破坏，毁坏3处村公共卫生间、
农田20亩以及果树100棵，砸毁轿车2辆，损坏部分景区护栏及人行步道石景山区 3 3 0 0 0 造成2人死亡，1人重伤，1间房屋倒塌，6处房屋受损，4处干砌石挡墙倒塌 怀柔区 2 2 0 0 0 损坏房屋2间 丰台区 1 1 0 0 0 冲毁在建旅游步道，淤平沟口水池 合计 161 157 2 1 1 —
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