Analysis of service performance characteristics of debris flow check dams: A case study in Wudu District, Longnan City, Gansu Province
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摘要:
拦挡坝是泥石流防治工程中最重要的措施之一，其防灾减灾能力在服役期间随着泥石流多次冲出逐渐降低，需开展拦挡坝服役性能特征分析。以甘肃省陇南市武都区泥石流拦挡坝为研究对象，对区内15条沟、55座拦挡坝服役性能进行了现场调查，从有效性和安全性两方面遴选了库容淤积比、坝肩边坡稳定程度、排水孔堵塞程度、坝体损毁度、坝基损毁度、坝肩损毁度、安全性等 7个评价因子，采用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法建立了拦挡坝单坝服役性和拦挡坝单沟综合服役性的评价模型，将服役性能等级划分为优、良、中等、差等4个等级。评价结果表明：拦挡坝单坝服役性等级“差”占34.5%；拦挡坝单沟综合服役性等级“差”占33.3%，评价结果与现场考察相符。研究成果为拦挡坝服役效果及服役寿命预测提供了可借鉴的依据。
Abstract:Check dams play a pivotal role in debris flow prevention and control engineering. However, their disaster prevention and mitigation capacity gradually decrease over service time due to repeated debris flow impacts. The study was carried out in 15 ditches and 55 check dams within Wudu District, Longnan City, Gansu Province. Seven key evaluation factors were selected for effectiveness and safety: reservoir siltation ratio, slope stability, drainage hole blockage, dam body damage, dam foundation damage, dam shoulder damage, and safety. The evaluation model of the serviceability of the indivusual dam and the comprehensive serviceability of the single trench of the barrage was established by using hierarchical analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and the serviceability was divided into four grades: excellent, good, medium and poor. The evaluation results show that the serviceability rating of individual dams is predominately "poor", accounting for 34.5%. Similarly, the collective serviceability rating of single trench dams for debris flow is predominately "poor", at 33.3%. The results of the evaluation are consistent with the fieldwork observations, providing a valuable reference for predicting the service performance and service life of barrage dams.
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表 1 拦挡坝典型损毁特征
Table 1. Typical damage characteristics of check dams
坝体编号 拦挡坝损毁特征 燕儿沟2号 该坝位于燕儿流通区，坝体淤埋，库容已淤满，右坝肩岩土体松散，排水孔完全堵塞，右坝肩出现裂缝 马槽沟12号 该坝位于马槽沟支沟交汇处，库容已淤满，右坝肩堆积大量松散物，排水孔完全堵塞，右坝肩出现轻度裂缝，坝基裸露 马槽沟8号 该坝位于马槽沟流通区，左坝肩冲毁严重，库容未淤满，沟道切割严重，两侧岩土体松散，坝体出现明显松弛，坝基裸露 寨子沟1号 该坝位于寨子沟沟口处，毗邻建筑物，库容已淤满，右坝肩堆积物松散，排水孔完全堵塞，右坝肩冲毁严重 
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表 2 拦挡坝服役性能评价因子等级及赋值
Table 2. Check dam service performance evaluation factor rating and assignment
评价因子 V1 V2 V3 V4 安
全
性坝体损毁度u1 无 轻度 中度 重度 坝基损毁度u2 无 轻度 中度 重度 坝肩损毁度u3 无 轻度 中度 重度 有
效
性安全性u4 — — — — 淤积库容比u5/% <20 20～<50 50～<80 ≥80 坝肩边坡失稳程度u6 无 轻度 中度 重度 排水孔堵塞程度u7 无 轻度 中度 重度
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表 3 评价值的取值依据及定量化取值
Table 3. The basis and quantitative values for evaluation values
评价值 取值依据 定量化取值 无 坝肩边坡稳定；排水孔未堵塞；坝基、坝体、坝基均未出现损、整体结构完好 0～<10 轻度 坝肩边坡出现裂痕；排水孔堵塞程度10%～20%；坝基完好，坝体表面脱落，坝肩局部产生裂缝 10～<20 中度 坝肩边坡局部岩土体松动；排水孔堵塞程度20%～40%；坝基处有积水、出现脱落，坝体张裂、掉块、局部损毁，坝肩掉块、残缺 20～<40 重度 坝肩边坡失稳、出现滑坡；排水孔堵塞；坝基出露、悬空，坝体倾倒，坝肩冲毁 ≥40
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表 4 判断矩阵标度及其含义
Table 4. The scale of judgment matrix and its significance
标度 含义 1 两个因子相比较，两者具有相同的重要性 3 两个因子进行比较，前者比后者略微重要 5 两个因子进行比较，前者比后者较为重要 7 两个因子进行比较，前者比后者非常重要 9 两个因子进行比较，前者比后者极其重要 注：2，4，6，8为上述两相邻判断的中间值，aij表示因素ai与因素aj的重要性之比，aij与aji之间的关系表示为aij=1/aji。
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表 5 方案层的权重
Table 5. Weights at the scheme level
评价因子 u1 u2 u3 权重 u1 1 1 4 0.444 u2 1 1 4 0.444 u3 1/4 1/4 1 0.112
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表 6 准则层的权重
Table 6. Weight at the criterion level
评价因子 u4 u5 u6 u7 权重 u4 1 3 4 5 0.538 u5 1/3 1 2 3 0.230 u6 1/4 1/2 1 4 0.163 u7 1/5 1/3 1/4 1 0.069
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表 7 马槽沟拦挡坝的评价因子实际取值
Table 7. Actual values of evaluation factors for check dams in Macao gully
评价因子 拦挡坝编号 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 u1 25 22 24 2 85 80 80 10 15 10 85 15 u2 15 30 35 5 90 75 80 20 24 10 80 18 u3 18 35 30 0 90 40 40 10 15 5 80 10 u5 90 96 95 25 96 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 u6 30 16 15 5 18 20 22 25 25 24 18 20 u7 90 95 95 8 10 80 80 90 90 90 85 90
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表 8 马槽沟拦挡坝服役性评价结果
Table 8. Results of the serviceability evaluation for check dams in Macao gully
编号 OB 结果 编号 OB 结果 编号 OB 结果 12 （0，0.167，0.426，0.440） 差 8 （0，0.102，0.130，0.768） 差 4 （0，0.150，0.463，0.388） 中等 11 （0，0.065，0.447，0.488） 差 7 （0，0，0.163，0.837） 差 3 （0.03，0.51，0.13，0.332） 良 10 （0，0.082，0.362，0.556） 差 6 （0，0，0.147，0.853） 差 2 （0，0.033，0.310，0.658） 差 9 （0.668，0.332，0，0） 优 5 （0，0.299，0.361，0.340） 中等 1 （0，0.227，0.474，0.299） 中等
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表 9 重要系数取值依据及定量化取值
Table 9. Basis and quantitative values of important coefficients
重要性评价因子 取值依据 定量化取值 拦挡坝地理位置 物源区 0～<0.3 流通区 0.3～<0.7 沟口处 0.7～1 拦挡坝设计库容 坝高<5 m 0～<0.3 坝高5～15 m 0.3～<0.7 坝高>15 m 0.7～1 防治重要性 密度低 0～<0.3 密度中 0.3～<0.7 密度高 0.7～1
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表 10 马槽沟重要系数取值及均值
Table 10. The value and mean of the important coefficient of Macao gully
评价因子编号 地理位置 设计库容 防治重要性 
12 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.37 11 0.3 0.35 0.3 0.32 10 0.4 0.35 0.4 0.38 9 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.60 8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.60 7 0.7 0.72 0.6 0.67 6 0.7 0.53 0.7 0.64 5 0.75 0.58 0.8 0.71 4 0.8 0.64 0.8 0.75 3 0.9 0.63 1 0.84 2 1 0.57 1 0.86 1 1 0.42 1 0.81
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表 11 武都区拦挡坝单沟综合服役性评价结果
Table 11. Comprehensive service evaluation results of single gully check dam in Wudu District
沟名 D 结果 沟名 D 结果 沟名 D 结果 马槽沟 （0.426，1.340，2.083，3.079） 差 佛堂沟 （0365，0.81，0.927，2.118） 差 桔柑沟 （0.047，0.0.471，0.433，0.352） 良 马家沟 （1.313，0.686，0，0） 优 百草
坝沟（0，0.393，0.374，0.533 差 东江
水沟（1.612，0.611，0.156，0.421） 优 柏水沟 （0.544，0.708，0.386，0.212） 良 清水沟 （0，0，0.218，0.342） 差 郭家沟 （0.680，0.039，0，0） 优 大山沟 （0.985，1.188，0.421，0.672） 良 寨子沟 （0，0.023，0.357，1.191） 差 汉坪沟 （0.677，0.285，0.177，0） 优 甘家沟 （0.990，0.476，0.406，0.638） 优 燕儿沟 （0.404，0.301，0.694，0.602） 中等 小山沟 （1.092，0，0.248，0.689） 优
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表 12 泥石流沟道综合服役性评价结果
Table 12. Comprehensive service evaluation results of debris flow gully
评价等级 泥石流沟道 占比/% 优 马家沟、郭家沟、汉坪沟、东江水沟、小山沟、甘家沟 40 良 柏水沟、桔柑沟、大山沟 20 中等 燕儿沟 6.7 差 马槽沟、佛堂沟、百草坝沟、清水沟、寨子沟 33.3
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