Acoustic detecting technology based on multibeam water column imaging and its application to cold seep plume
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摘要:
海底冷泉作为地球水圈与下伏岩石圈之间物质和能量交换的重要场所，其广泛发育于主动大陆和被动大陆边缘、深海扩张中心、汇聚板块边界、弧前盆地、断层以及泥火山发育区等区域。研究海底冷泉对于海洋工程安全、天然气水合物开发、海洋油气勘探、全球气候变化、碳循环和极端生物群落等方面具有重要意义。本文在系统总结海底冷泉探测技术方法的基础上，重点阐述了多波束水体声学探测技术及海底冷泉羽状流特征反演方法，对海底冷泉系统探测技术方法完善和应用具有重要意义。
Abstract:As an important vehicle for material and energy exchange between the hydrosphere and the lithosphere of the earth, sea cold seeps are widely developed in various tectonic boundaries, such as active and passive continental margins, deep-sea spreading centers, converging plate boundaries, fore-arc basins, faults and mud volcanoes. It is of critical significance for marine engineering safety, gas hydrate development, marine oil and gas exploration, global climate change, carbon cycle and extreme biocenosis. In this paper, based on the systematic analysis of the current sea cold seep detecting technology, the acoustic detection and data processing technology of multibeam water column and the inversion method of the characteristics of cold seep plume are described and recommended, which is of great significance to the improvement and application of the deep-sea cold seep system detecting technology.
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表 1 冷泉基本特征与探测方法
Table 1. Basic characteristics and detecting method of cold seep
位置 特征 描述 探测手段 探测方法 沉积层 泥火山 在正常沉积物表面由喷溢气体驱动形成的具有火山构造的泥质沉积 多波束、浅剖、多道地震 地球物理 泥底辟、泥海岭 由比泥火山小的气上升形成的正向隆起的海底沉积 碳酸盐丘 与石化冷泉有关的可高达300 m的沉积体 气烟囱 底部与顶部分别与底辟和麻坑相连，流体自深部向浅部渗漏和逸散 沉积物烃类异常 以甲烷为主的富烃类流体向海底运移过程会使还原沉积物中的硫酸盐浓度变低，钙、镁等离子也会出现异常[8] 地质取样（拖网、箱式取样、拖网取样、多管取样、重力柱状取样、海底钻探）；海底原位探测 地球化学 天然气水合物 浅表层富含由水和甲烷气组成的结晶状似冰状化合物 海底 麻坑 由于天然气、水等流体在海底表面逸散，带走部分沉积物颗粒而形成的海底凹坑 多波束、浅剖、多道地震 地球物理 冷泉碳酸盐结壳 海底的甲烷渗漏过程中, 向海底运移的富甲烷流体与上层海水扩散到沉积物中的硫酸盐发生甲烷厌氧氧化，生成甲烷成因自生碳酸盐岩 地质取样（拖网、箱式取样、拖网取样、多管取样、重力柱状取样、海底钻探）；海底原位探测 地球化学 生物礁 与浅层气或冷泉存在有关的似珊瑚的岩群 深水珊瑚礁 石化冷泉口,经常与碳酸盐丘共存 冷泉生物群落 海底菌席等微生物、双壳类、多毛类、虾蟹类、冷水珊瑚等组成的生态系统 水体 天然气渗漏/冷泉羽状流 肉眼可见从海底排溢出气体，这些气体通过泥火山、断层、裂隙等运移通道进入海水以气泡的形式上升运移，形成气泡羽流[9-10] 多波束、浅剖、多道地震 地球物理 近底层海水甲烷高浓度异常 由于沉积物下部甲烷渗漏活动造成的底层水甲烷高浓度异常[11] 吹扫-捕集法；海底原位探测 地球化学 海面 海面增温异常 近海临震前卫星热红外增温异常，指示临震前导致的油气渗漏和（或）水合物因断裂减压或受热分解的烃类气体沿着构造裂隙不断逸出、上升至海面[12] 热红外 卫星遥感 海面浮油 海底渗漏的烃类物质以气泡或油滴的形式垂直迁移进入水体，部分气体到达水面进入大气，而油则在水面扩散成薄且非常细长的可凝聚的油膜 合成孔径雷达 
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