Gas hydrate reservoir types, characteristics and development methods
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摘要:
天然气水合物作为潜能巨大、资源量丰富、燃烧值高的未来新能源，但由于其特殊的物理力学性质和赋存状态，经济开采技术仍面临诸多难题。本文以全球勘探发现存在天然气水合物的地区为基础，介绍了全球主要水合物的海陆资源分布及开采难易程度；以主要影响天然气水合物开采方式选择因素为基础，分析了天然气水合物在地层中的赋存类型、成藏模式和储层分类方法；以全球已开展的天然气水合物试采项目为基础，对比分析了现有多种天然气水合物开采方法的优缺点和适用条件；在现有开采方法条件下，为不同赋存状态、成藏模式和储层分类的天然气水合物选择出适合的开采方法，为建立完整的天然气水合物开采技术体系和未来实现商业化开采提供参考。
Abstract:Natural gas hydrate is a new type of energy with huge resource potential and high combustion value. Due to its special occurrence and physical-mechanical properties, economic development of the resources still faces many problems and challenges. The distribution patterns of gas hydrate resources in the sea and on the land as well as the difficulties ever encountered in the exploitation of some major hydrate deposits in the world are studied in this paper as cases. Based on the mining methods selected, the occurrence, accumulation models and reservoir classification of gas hydrate underground are analyzed and discussed. Taking some pilot hydrate production projects as examples, various existing natural gas hydrate mining methods are compared and analyzed for their advantages, disadvantages and application feasibilities. Based upon the above discussion, suitable mining methods are selected and recommended. The paper may provide a reference for establishing a complete natural gas hydrate mining technology system for realization of commercial exploitation in the future.
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Key words:
- natural gas hydrate /
- occurrence type /
- accumulation mode /
- reservoir classification /
- mining method
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表 1 全世界主要的陆地冻土和海域水合物分布带[31]
Table 1. Major marine and land gas hydrate distribution zones in the world[31]
类型 地理位置 埋藏深度及分布范围 勘探及试采地点 陆地冻土
水合物麦索雅哈河流域至西伯利亚北部区域 水合物埋藏深度为300～1 000 m，分布面积为1 700×106 km2。 麦索雅哈气田 普拉德霍湾至阿拉斯加北坡区域 水合物埋藏深度为210～950 m，阿拉斯加北坡砂质储层的平均资源量为 2.4万亿m3 [32] 普拉德霍湾气田Ignik Sikumi项目；Mount Elbert地质探井 麦肯齐三角洲盆地及北极区域 水合物埋藏深度为200 m以下，水合物储量约为0.01～1万亿m3，潜在的甲烷储量大约为1～100万亿m3[29] 麦肯齐三角洲理查德岛的Mallik区块 青藏高原永久冻土区域 水合物埋藏在永久冻土层之下133～396 m，冻土面积达215×104 km2[33] 祁连山永久冻土区钻井 海域水合物 北冰洋的水合物生成带 水合物分布在北极大陆架90 m水深至海底的永久冻土带 加拿大北极岛 大西洋的水合物生成带 布莱克海脊（水合物矿床厚度约20 m，原地资源量超28万亿m3[34]）、墨西哥湾（水合物埋深泥线以下500～1 000 m区域）、加勒比海、斯匹次卑尔根岛边缘、几内亚湾（水合物水深超过1 200 m，总覆盖面积达到
35 000 km2的区域[35]）东海岸布莱克海台大洋钻探、墨西哥湾近海勘探、西非喀麦隆近海勘查 太平洋的水合物生成带 中国南海（水合物资源量估算值为6.3×1013 m3，其中南海北部陆坡资源量为4.0×1013 m3[36]）、日本南海海槽（水合物面积为7 000 km2，原地气资源量平均估算值约1.1万亿m3[37]）、韩国东海郁陵盆地（存在大量水合物“气烟囱”构造，水合物矿床可能藏有1.2亿t的碳[14]）、新西兰希库朗伊海槽（水合物中估计含有5～11万亿m3甲烷[38]）、白令海、鄂霍茨克海、中美洲海槽、北加利福尼亚俄勒冈近海、秘鲁海槽 神狐海域、Nankai海槽、Ulleung盆地、鄂霍茨克海千岛盆地 印度洋的水合物生成带 印度半岛近海（水合物的存在区域约1.5 km2[39]）、孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海（水合物沉积面积约80000 km2）、阿曼湾（水合物层稳定存在于350～700 m的沉积物层） Krishna Godavari盆地、Makran Margin 陆地内海的水合物生成带 黑海（水合物层厚度为160～500 m，分布面积约为3.0×104 km2，总量约为42×1012 m3）、里海（水合物层位于海床下390～480 m，厚度约为134～152 m[40-41]）、亚速海盆地、贝加尔湖（水合物资源量估算相当于（0.88～9）×1012 m3的天然气[42]） Crimea、Caucasus、贝加尔湖 
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表 2 全世界主要的水合物勘探区水合物藏的特征和主要开采方法
Table 2. Characteristics and main mining methods of hydrate reservoirs in major hydrate exploration areas around the world
类型 勘探区域 储层岩性 赋存类型 成藏模式 主要开采方法 陆地冻土水合物 俄罗斯麦索雅哈气田 砂岩 孔隙充填型 成岩型 降压法 美国阿拉斯加北坡冻土带 砂岩 孔隙充填型 成岩型 降压法 加拿大麦肯齐三角洲盆地 砂岩、砾岩 孔隙充填型 成岩型 降压法 中国祁连山永久冻土带 泥岩、粉砂岩 孔隙充填型，块状、层状 成岩型 降压法结合置换法 海域水合物 中国南海神狐海域 粉沙质黏土、含粉沙黏土 孔隙充填型，脉状、结节状 构造型 置换法结合降压法 美国布莱克海脊 黏土质粉砂、粉砂质黏土 孔隙充填型，极少数块状、结节状、层状、脉状 构造型 置换法结合降压法 美国墨西哥湾 火山碎屑砂岩、砂岩夹泥等细粒沉积物 孔隙充填型，部分裂隙充填型 构造型 置换法结合降压法 日本南海海槽 粉沙质沙、黏土质粉沙 孔隙充填型 构造型 置换法结合降压法 韩国郁陵盆地 黏土质粉砂岩、砂质粉砂岩、粉砂质砂岩 裂隙充填型，部分孔隙充填型，少数块状 构造型 置换法结合降压法 印度近海 粉砂质黏土 裂隙充填型 复合型 降压法结合置换法
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