Relationship between temporal-spatial distribution of Mid-Holocene sites and climate evolution in southern Shanxi
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摘要:
基于ArcGIS10.8平台结合最邻近指数、核密度分析叠加标准差椭圆等方法，研究晋南地区全新世中期1 415处遗址的时空演变。结果表明：晋南地区全新世中期遗址空间分布从集聚到逐渐离散；遗址重心向高纬度地区、逆时针方向位移，方向呈现先东北后西北的变化。核密度分析表明，空间布局从仰韶期的团状到龙山期的以陶寺文化为中心的带状分布。与仰韶时期相比，龙山时期处于过渡时期的弱暖湿气候阶段，干燥更为明显，遗址沿着盆地和河流分布。由于此时农业技术水平高，人类适应能力增强，人口迅速增加，从而推动了龙山文化发展；后期气候逐渐恶化，人类生存面临严峻挑战，导致龙山文化被迫中断。随后进入了夏商时期，遗址数目较少，分布与山地联系密切。这种龙山文化到夏商文化的演变可能与4 kaBP前后降温事件有关。因此，研究全新世中期晋南地区遗址时空分布与环境演化，对于理解不同环境下人类响应与适应具有重要意义。
Abstract:Based on ArcGIS 10.8 platform and combined with the nearest neighbor index, kernel density analysis, and standard deviation ellipse, the spatial and temporal evolution of 1415 sites in the Mid-Holocene in the southern Shanxi region, China was studied. Results show that the spatial distribution pattern of the sites was gradually changed from centralization to dispersion. The center of the sites shifted northward and counterclockwise, and from northeastward to northwestward in direction. The kernel density estimation showed that the spatial distribution pattern changed from clustering in the Yangshao Culture period to zonal distribution represented by Taosi Culture in the Longshan Culture period. Compared with the Yangshao Culture period, the Longshan Culture period was in a weak warm-humid climate stage of transitional period in more obvious dryness. The cultural sites were distributed along basins and rivers. Due to the well-developed agricultural activities in the period, human adaptability increased, population grew rapidly, which promoted the development of the Longshan Culture. Later, the climate deteriorated gradually, human survival confronted severe challenges, which interrupted the Longshan Culture development. In the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the number of sites was small and the distribution was close to mountain areas. The evolution from the Longshan Culture to Xia-Shang Culture might be related to the cooling event around 4 kaBP. This study provided rich data of the mid-Holocene spatial and temporal distribution of the culture sites and environmental evolution in the southern Shanxi region, which promoted the understanding of human response and adaptation in different environments in the ancient time.
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表 1 晋南地区遗址空间分布的平均最近邻指数
Table 1. Average nearest neighbor index of spatial distribution of the sites in the southern Shanxi Province
文化遗址最近邻分析结果 文化类型 遗址数量 R 最近邻指数 Z P 分布类型 仰韶文化 449 0.24 −31.08 0.000 显著聚集 龙山文化 703 0.38 −31.66 0.000 比较聚集 夏商文化 263 0.55 −14.05 0.000 一般聚集 
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表 2 晋南地区全新世中期遗址空间分布标准差椭圆
Table 2. Standard deviation ellipse of spatial distribution of the mid-Holocene sites in the southern Shanxi Province
文化类型 中心点坐标 移动方向 移动距离 / km 方向角度 /( °) 椭圆扁率 仰韶文化 35°41′26″N、111°20′58″E − − 11.03 0.1676 龙山文化 35°48′09″N、111°25′20″E 东北 14.08 29.23 0.1733 夏商文化 35°50′49″N、111°16′57″E 西北 13.53 168.61 0.4183
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