Distribution of strategic key metals in deep-sea polymetallic nodules and their controlling factors
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摘要:
深海多金属结核富集经济发展和人民生活亟需的战略性关键金属，资源潜力巨大。通过对前人研究工作的系统性归纳总结，揭示不同类型、不同环境多金属结核内主要分布于锰氧化物中的Co、Cu、Li、Mn、Mo、Ni、Tl，以及主要分布在铁羟基氧化物内的REY、Te、Ti的含量，赋存状态，迁移演化过程及富集机制。表面吸附作用首先驱动这些战略性关键金属富集进入多金属结核，其中Mo、Ni、REY和Ti仅通过吸附作用就能实现高度富集。随后Ce、Co和Tl发生的氧化反应，以及Co、Cu、Li、Ni和Te通过晶格进入的方式继续增强这些金属在结核内的富集程度。当结核被沉积物埋藏且周边环境由氧化向次氧化转变后，发生的大规模矿物相变会导致结核富集Co而强烈亏损Ni、REY、Mo和Li。结核最终处于还原环境时，其矿物晶体格架会彻底崩塌和溃散，推测仅有部分铁氧化物组分会残留下来。未来亚微米尺度和原位高精度的实验研究工作，将提升对于这些金属，尤其是诸如Te、Tl等低含量金属在结核内分布、富集过程和控制因素的深刻理解，助力深海金属矿产资源勘查和选冶利用。
Abstract:Deep-sea polymetallic nodules are widely recognized as potential resources in future for strongly enriching in many strategic key metals for high-technology applications and economic prosperity. By summarizing previous studies, the contents, occurrence, enrichment mechanism, migration, and evolution of Co, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Tl distributed mainly in manganese oxides, and REY, Te, Ti distributed mainly in iron oxyhydroxides in different types and settings of polymetallic nodules were analyzed. The surface sorption drove these metals to enrich into polymetallic nodules first, in which Mo, Ni, REY, and Ti could achieve high enrichment in this stage alone. Subsequently, the oxidation of Ce, Co, and Tl, and the structural incorporation of Co, Cu, Li, Ni, and Te continued to be enriched in these strategic metals in polymetallic nodules. When the polymetallic nodules were buried by abyssal sediments, and the surrounding environment changed from oxic conditions to suboxic conditions, the large-scale mineralogical transformation could lead to the enrichment of Co, but strongly depleted in Ni, REY, Mo, and Li compared to surface nodules. When buried polymetallic nodules were finally in reduced conditions, the mineral crystal lattice of these nodules would dissolve and collapse completely, perhaps only some iron oxyhydroxides component of the former nodule could remain. Future sub-micron and in-situ high-precision experimental research work will improve our deep understanding of the distribution, enrichment history, and controlling factors of these strategic key metals in nodules, especially low-content metals of Te and Tl, and help the exploration and utilization of deep-sea polymetallic nodules.
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Key words:
- polymetallic nodules /
- strategic key metals /
- distribution /
- constraint
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