Development of fluvial terraces in Chengdu Plain: Implications for the paleoclimate and Neotectonic Movement
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摘要:
为了研究第四纪以来成都平原古气候变化规律和新构造运动特征，对成都平原岷江水系河流阶地序列，年代格架，不同地质时期的孢粉组合特征和T4剖面上网纹红土的地球化学特征等进行了深入研究。通过收集大量存量资料，辅以少量野外查证工作，结合地质、地貌和年代学资料，厘定了成都平原岷江水系5级河流阶地，T5至T1拔河分别为98~127 m、59~79 m、36~52 m、4~10 m、2~5 m，形成时代分别为925±92 ka、722±77 ka、462±46 ka、30.13±2.86 ka、9.0 ka，其中T5、T4、T3、T2为基座阶地，发育受构造运动和气候变化共同驱动，可作为第四纪以来成都平原东缘龙泉山背斜南段隆升的地貌标志，T1为堆积阶地，发育主要受气候变化驱动；孢粉组合特征反映第四纪以来成都平原以森林草原植被为主，气候整体具由偏暖偏湿向温干变化的趋势；阶地资料揭示第四纪以来龙泉山背斜南段经历了四次间歇性隆升，隆升高度达127 m，早更新世中期龙泉山背斜南段隆升速率为0.089~0.335 mm/a，早更新世晚期隆升速率急剧下降至0.027~0.165 mm/a，然后呈现出逐渐升高的趋势，到晚更新世—全新世隆升速率上升到0.133~0.322 mm/a；龙泉山背斜南北段存在差异隆升，北段的隆升速率和隆升幅度明显大于南段，在现代地貌上表现为龙泉山北段以低山为主，南段向低山丘陵过渡。
Abstract:In order to study the paleoclimate and neotectonic movement characteristics of the Chengdu Plain since the Quaternary, a detailed study of the river terrace sequence of the Minjiang River system examined the chronological framework, pollen assemblage characteristics in different geological periods, and geochemical characteristics of vermicular red clay from T4 in Chengdu Plain. Based on a large amount of data, along with field verification, and combined with geological, geomorphological, and chronological data, we identified 5 fluvial terraces in the transverse drainage of the Minjiang River system in the Chengdu Plain. The terrace thicknesses from T5 to T1 are 98~127 m, 59~79 m, 36~52 m, 4~10 m, and 2~5 m, respectively. The results show that the terraces T5~T2 formed at 925±92 ka, 722±77 ka, 462±46 ka, 30.13±2.86 ka and 9.0 ka respectively, which are base terrace, whose development is driven by tectonic movement and climate change, and can be used as the geomorphic symbol of the uplift of the south section of Longquan anticline on the eastern edge of Chengdu Plain since Quaternary. T1 is the accumulation terrace, whose development is mainly driven by climate change. Pollen assemblages show that the Chengdu Plain has been dominated by forest and grassland vegetation since the Quaternary, and the climate has a trend of changing from warm and wet to warm and dry. Terrace data reveal that the south section of Longquan anticline has experienced four intermittent uplifts since the Quaternary, with an uplift height of 127 meters. The uplift of the south section of Longquan anticline reached its peak in the middle of the early Pleistocene, with an uplift rate of 0.089~0.335 mm/a. By the late Early Pleistocene, the uplift rate decreased sharply to 0.027~0.165 mm/a, and then showed a gradually increasing trend, to 0.133~0.322 mm/a in the late Pleistocene Holocene. There is differential uplift between the south and north sections of Longquan anticline. The uplift rate and amplitude of the north section are significantly greater than those of the south section. In modern geomorphology, the north section of Longquan Mountain is dominated by low mountains, and the south section transits to low mountains and hills.
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Key words:
- Chengdu Plain /
- Minjiang River system /
- fluvial terraces /
- Paleoclimate /
- Neotectonic movement
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图 3 成都龙泉山褶断带结构模式图（据Xu et al.，2009修改）
Figure 3.
表 1 第四纪以来不同时期成都平原孢粉组合百分含量统计
Table 1. Percentage statistics of pollen assemblages in Chengdu Plain in different periods since Quaternary
时代 早—中更新世 中更新世 晚更新世 晚更新世—全新世 采样位置 双流
应天寺仁寿
视高蒲江
五里碑眉山
城关双流
黄龙溪眉山
东馆双流
机场青白江
姚渡双流应天寺 龙泉驿
柏合金堂
三星木本植物 56.1 59.2 59.8 57.1 59.3 60.6 57.1 55.9 55.1 55.2 51.6 Pinus 15.2 18.0 14.8 19.4 20.4 18.4 17.1 17.2 17.4 18.9 16.6 Picea 1.8 2.3 2.1 1.8 2.9 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.1 Abies / / 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.2 / 0.6 / Tsuga 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 Quercus 20.2 19.6 17.9 20.7 19.5 18.5 20.5 17.2 17.2 16.7 15.6 Betula 7.4 8.4 8.9 5.4 6.4 8.2 7.4 8.4 7.4 6.0 4.8 Carpinus 0.5 / 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 1.0 Alnus 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.0 Castanea 8.5 7.7 10.7 3.8 4.2 7.5 4.1 5.8 5.6 5.7 8.0 Ulmus 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.7 0.9 1.1 Juglans 0.7 0.4 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.4 Liquidambar / 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.6 / 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 / 灌木和草本植物 32.0 28.0 29.1 27.4 28.6 27.6 28.8 30.2 29.8 28.4 20.9 Corylus 3.7 3.5 2.0 4.4 3.9 2.8 4.4 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.3 Ericaceae 0.7 1.2 0.7 / 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.2 0.5 Ephedra 0.3 / 0.4 0.4 0.4 / 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.3 Artemisia 11.2 6.9 10.1 8.0 8.1 7.6 9.9 9.5 9.5 9.2 5.9 Chenopodiaceae 3.2 3.1 1.9 1.6 3.1 3.1 2.3 3.5 4.7 2.8 2.2 Cyperaceae 8.2 8.8 8.6 8.8 7.9 8.0 7.4 7.6 7.0 7.2 7.6 Polygonum 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.5 Gramineae 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.3 2.2 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.5 Compositae 0.3 / 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.3 / 0.4 / / 0.6 Solanaceae 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.7 / Thalictrum 0.5 0.7 0.5 / 0.4 / / 0.2 / / / Typha 0.4 0.4 0.5 / 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 / 0.6 / Myriophyllum 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5 蕨类孢子和藻类 7.7 8.8 9.1 10.1 7.3 8.3 10.2 10.1 9.8 11.4 22.9 Polypodium 2.8 3.3 4.3 3.2 4.2 4.1 5.2 4.3 5.2 5.0 4.1 Trilete-spores 1.2 1.6 0.6 1.8 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.3 4.2 Monolete-spores 2.4 3.1 1.4 2.5 / 1.2 / 1.7 0.9 2.9 6.9 Hicriopteris / / 0.5 / 0.7 / 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.6 3.9 Pteris 0.4 / 0.3 0.5 / 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.4 / / Concentricystes 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 / 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.8 1.8 Pediastrum 0.3 / 0.3 0.4 0.4 / 0.5 0.3 / / / Zygnema / / / / 0.3 / / 0.4 / / / Sphagnum 0.3 0.4 1.1 1.1 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.8 2.0 注：不同时期孢粉数据来源于中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告1: 250000 成都幅；“/”代表未鉴定出该类植物的孢粉。
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表 2 T4剖面网纹红土主量（%）和微量元素测试结果（×10−6）
Table 2. Major (%) and trace element concentrations (×10−6) of the vermicular red clay from T4
位置 仁寿视高 蒲江城关 双流应天寺 UCC 样号 CP11-5hf1 5hf2 5bf3 PM02-3hf1 3hf2 3hf3 PM31-3hf2 4hf 5hf1 5hf3 5hf4 SiO2 72.15 69.12 68.21 63.32 68.05 75.6 71.23 71.76 72.15 68.91 68.44 66 Fe2O3 6.84 9.45 10.24 8.99 7.19 4.60 6.32 6.30 6.21 7.07 7.64 5 FeO 0.10 0.17 0.03 0.13 0.03 0.13 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.10 / Al2O3 13.19 13.07 13.28 17.42 15.42 12.21 14.02 13.67 13.37 14.94 14.86 15.2 K2O 1.09 1.14 1.17 1.50 1.50 1.35 1.08 1.10 1.18 1.64 1.45 3.4 Na2O 0.20 0.22 0.09 0.20 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.23 3.9 CaO 0.22 0.27 0.21 0.25 0.09 0.13 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.36 4.2 MgO 0.49 0.52 0.45 0.71 0.65 0.53 0.58 0.57 0.53 0.62 0.62 2.2 TiO2 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.11 1.12 1.08 1.07 1.07 0.65 MnO 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.08 P2O5 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.15 LOI 4.55 4.81 5.06 6.16 5.54 3.94 4.82 4.62 4.63 4.87 5.01 Zr 452.1 388.2 433.6 338.6 417.2 239.3 394.7 410.7 375.3 333.3 351.8 190 Hf 12.4 11.1 12.4 10.0 12.3 6.7 11.8 11.7 11.1 9.4 10.6 5.8 Ba 217.6 264.8 261.5 299.1 293.0 353.2 192.9 217.8 225.3 273.2 193.2 550 Cu 21.0 23.3 23.5 38.0 35.9 28.2 26.4 25.2 34.0 26.5 29.5 25 V 111.2 116.3 130.2 143.6 100.3 132.8 112.5 107.2 105.5 120.9 126.3 60 Zn 41.1 50.1 50.4 107.4 66.6 82.5 88.9 78.6 53.1 54.4 57.8 71 Sc 11.8 11.0 7.2 14.0 12.1 8.3 11.2 13.9 13.8 13.5 9.5 11 Cr 101.3 101.0 103.8 116.4 78.9 75.3 99.2 97.9 94.6 101.5 112.3 35 Co 5.9 7.5 7.4 18.4 11.0 22.4 25.0 22.6 11.9 7.8 11.4 10 Ni 19.7 21.1 20.5 41.2 29.7 35.9 40.5 38.2 31.3 28.3 31.4 20 Rb 58.8 53.8 64.5 59.9 80.4 86.4 49.3 55.8 74.0 65.5 37.7 112 Pb 27.6 30.8 35.0 28.5 20.9 34.5 23.2 20.9 22.0 26.4 26.1 20 Th 15.9 14.7 19.8 15.6 15.1 19.7 12.0 14.8 16.7 16.0 10.1 10.7 U 4.0 4.4 5.4 4.1 3.6 5.1 3.9 4.7 5.4 5.0 5.0 28 注：测试数据来源于中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告1: 250000 成都幅，上陆壳（UCC）数据引自文献（Taylor and McLennan，1985）。
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表 3 成都平原河流阶地各时段隆升幅度和速率
Table 3. The uplift amplitude and rate of fluvial terraces in each period in the Chengdu Plain
阶地编号 河流下切年代（ka） 相对隆升时间（ka） 阶地拔河（m） 相对隆升高度（m） 隆升速率（mm/a） T5 925 203 98~127 19~68 0.089~0.335 T4 722 260 59~79 7~43 0.027~0.165 T3 462 431.87 36~52 26~48 0.060~0.111 T2 30.13 30.13 4~10 4~10 0.133~0.322 注：相对隆升时间——各级阶地废弃的时间差；阶地拔河——现今阶地面到河床面的高差；相对隆升高度——各级阶地间的高差；隆升速率——各级阶地间的高差/相对隆升时间。
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