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张登峰, 孙建伟. 熊耳山矿集区小河流域水体及底泥重金属污染评价[J]. 矿产综合利用, 2024, 45(1): 109-119. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2024.01.013
引用本文: 张登峰, 孙建伟. 熊耳山矿集区小河流域水体及底泥重金属污染评价[J]. 矿产综合利用, 2024, 45(1): 109-119. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2024.01.013
shu
ZHANG Dengfeng, SUN Jianwei. Water Body and Sediment of Xiaohe Watershed in Xiongershan Ore Concentration Area Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment[J]. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2024, 45(1): 109-119. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2024.01.013
Citation: ZHANG Dengfeng, SUN Jianwei. Water Body and Sediment of Xiaohe Watershed in Xiongershan Ore Concentration Area Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment[J]. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2024, 45(1): 109-119. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2024.01.013
shu

熊耳山矿集区小河流域水体及底泥重金属污染评价

  • 1.

    中国地质调查局西安矿产资源调查中心，陕西　西安　710100

  • 基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质大调查项目（DD20208079）
详细信息
    作者简介: 张登峰（1982-）男，学士，高级工程师，研究方向为资源勘查
    通讯作者: 孙建伟（1982-），男，硕士，高级工程师，研究方向为国土空间生态修复。

  • 中图分类号: X522

Water Body and Sediment of Xiaohe Watershed in Xiongershan Ore Concentration Area Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment

  • 1.

    Xi'an mineral resources investigation center of China Geological Survey, Xi’an 710100, Shaanxi, China

More Information

    摘要

  • 这是一篇矿山环境领域的论文。河流是矿产资源开发过程中产生的重金属最主要的迁移途径和汇聚地，熊耳山矿集区矿产资源开发对河流的影响程度尚不清晰。为准确掌握熊耳山矿集区矿产资源开发对河流重金属的影响，以矿集区内小河流域的水体和底泥为研究对象，分析了小河干流及其主要支流水体和底泥中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg重金属含量特征。用单项污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法对水体重金属污染程度进行评价；用地质累积指数法和质量基准法对河流底泥中重金属累积程度和污染程度进行评价。结果表明，小河流域水体中6种重金属平均含量在0.08～289.86 μg/L之间，污染程度As>Hg> Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn，主要重金属污染物为As、Hg，主要污染河段分布于矿业活动强烈区，矿产资源开发是引起河流水体污染的主要因素。Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg在小河流域河道底泥中累积效应显著，重金属污染程度严重，质量基准法评价结果显示，小河流域底泥中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、As、Hg所有样品均严重污染，综合地质累积指数法和质量基准法评价结果，小河流域河道底泥污染程度：Pb>Cd >Cu>Zn>As>Hg，其中 Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd是主要污染元素， Hg，As是次要污染元素。研究认为：熊耳山矿集区矿产资源开发是引起小河流域水体、河道底泥重金属污染的主要因素，已经对河流水体和底泥造成不同程度的重金属污染，加强矿产资源开发全过程的源头治理和监管，是保护和改善小河流域重金属污染的根本手段。

    This is an article in the field of mining environment. Rivers are the main migration paths and convergence places of heavy metals produced in the process of mineral resources development. The impact of mineral resources development in Xiongershan ore concentration area on rivers is not clear. In order to clearly understand the impact of mineral resources development on river heavy metals in Xiongershan ore concentration area. Taking the water and sediment of small river basins in the mining area as the research object, the content characteristics of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, as, Hg heavy metals in the mainstream of the small river and its main tributaries and sediment were analyzed. The single pollution index and Nemero comprehensive pollution index were used to evaluate the pollution degree of heavy metals in water; The accumulation degree and pollution degree of heavy metals in river sediment were evaluated by geological accumulation index method and quality standard method. The results showed that the average contents of six heavy metals in the water body of the small river basin ranged from 0.08 to 289.866 μg/L, the pollution degree As>Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn, the main heavy metal pollutants are as and Hg, the main polluted river reaches are distributed in the areas with strong mining activities, and the development of mineral resources is the main factor causing river water pollution. The accumulation effect of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, as and Hg in the river sediment of the small river basin is significant, and the pollution degree of heavy metals is serious. The evaluation results of the quality standard method show that all samples of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, as and Hg in the river sediment are seriously polluted. According to the evaluation results of the comprehensive geological accumulation index method and the quality standard method, the pollution degree of the river sediment of the small river basin is: Pb>Cd >Cu>Zn>As>Hg, in which Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd are the main pollution elements, Hg, As is a secondary pollution element. The research shows that the development of mineral resources in Xiongershan ore concentration area is the main factor causing heavy metal pollution in the water body and river sediment of the small river basin. It has caused heavy metal pollution in different degrees to the river water body and sediment. Strengthening the source control and supervision in the whole process of mineral resources development is the fundamental means to protect and improve the heavy metal pollution in the small river basin.

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  • 图 1  小河流域水质样品采样点分布

    Figure 1. 

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    图 2  小河流域底泥样品采样点分布

    Figure 2. 

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    图 3  小河流域底泥重金属含量分布

    Figure 3. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    表 1  水质样品分析方法

    Table 1.  Methods for analysis of water quality samples

    分析元素样品类型执行标准仪器设备及型号检测限/（μg/L）
    锌河水样品HJ700-2014电感耦合等离子体质谱仪Agilent 7850 ICP-MS0.67
    铜河水样品HJ700-2014电感耦合等离子体质谱仪Agilent 7850 ICP-MS0.08
    铅河水样品H 700-2014电感耦合等离子体质谱仪Agilent 7850 ICP-MS0.09
    镉河水样品H 700-2014电感耦合等离子体质谱仪Agilent 7850 ICP-MS0.05
    砷河水样品H 694-2014原子荧光分光光度计AFS-230E0.3
    汞河水样品H 694-2014原子荧光分光光度计XGY-1011A0.04
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  底泥样品分析方法

    Table 2.  Methods for analysis of sediment samples

    分析元素样品类型执行标准仪器设备及型号检测限/（mg/kg）
    锌底泥样品H 803-2016电感耦合等离子体质谱仪Agilent 7850 ICP-MS7
    铜底泥样品H 803-2016电感耦合等离子体质谱仪Agilent 7850 ICP-MS0.5
    铅底泥样品H 803-2016电感耦合等离子体质谱仪Agilent 7850 ICP-MS2
    镉底泥样品H 803-2016电感耦合等离子体质谱仪Agilent 7850 ICP-MS0.07
    砷底泥样品H 680-2013原子荧光分光光度计AFS-230E0.01
    汞底泥样品H 680-2013原子荧光分光光度计XGY-1011A0.002
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  地表水单因子污染程度分级

    Table 3.  Classification of single factor pollution degree of surface water

    污染等级划分 单项污染指数（Pi） 污染程度
    Ⅰ Pi<1 未受污染
    Ⅱ 1≤Pi<2 轻微污染
    Ⅲ 2≤Pi<3 轻度污染
    Ⅳ 3≤Pi<5 中度污染
    Ⅴ Pi≥5 重度污染
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 4  地表水综合污染程度分级

    Table 4.  Classification of comprehensive pollution degree of surface water

    污染等级划分 综合污染指数（Pz） 污染程度
    Ⅰ Pz≤0.7 未受污染
    Ⅱ 0.7<Pz≤1.0 轻微污染（警戒线）
    Ⅲ 1.0<Pz≤2.0 轻度污染
    Ⅳ 2.0<Pz≤.3.0 中度污染
    Ⅴ Pz>3.0 重度污染
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 5  底泥中重金属生物毒性阈值

    Table 5.  Biological toxicity threshold of heavy metals in sediment

    阈值AsCdCrCuHgPbZn
    ERL8.21.281340.1546.7150
    ERM709.63702700.71218410
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 6  地质累积指数分级

    Table 6.  Classification of geological accumulation index

    $ {I_{geo}} $（Forstner）级别污染程度$ {I_{geo}} $（Anon）级别污染程度
    <01无影响<01无影响～轻度影响
    0～12无影响～中度影响0～12中度影响
    1～23中度影响1～33中度影响～强影响
    2～34中度影响～强影响3～54强影响
    3～45强影响>55极强影响
    4～56强影响～极强影响
    >57极强影响
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 7  小河流域水中重金属含量统计特征

    Table 7.  Statistical characteristics of heavy metals in water of small river basin

    元素 最大值/（μg/L） 最小值/（μg/L） 平均值/（ μg/L） 标准差 变异系数/% 地表水环境质量Ⅲ级标准/（μg/L）
    Cu1069.000.4122.60139.986191000
    Pb859.000.1017.19113.5466050
    Zn163.000.618.6726.803091000
    Cd71.010.062.9012.454295.00
    As15242.001.50389.862062.3952950
    Hg0.330.050.080.05630.10
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 8  小河流域水中重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数

    Table 8.  Single pollution index and comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals in water of small river basin

    样号 单项污染指数 综合污染指数
    Cu Pb Zn Cd As Hg
    S1 0.006 0.043 0.001 — 0.129 0.720 0.525
    S6 0.005 0.007 0.004 — 2.219 3.300 2.461
    S7 0.004 0.003 0.006 0.014 0.272 2.500 1.798
    S9 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.192 84.189 2.000 60.395
    S12 1.069 0.199 0.036 0.494 0.030 0.550 0.806
    S15 0.004 0.008 0.163 0.098 0.156 1.300 0.942
    S17 0.003 0.007 0.015 — 0.148 1.000 0.726
    S20 0.003 0.022 0.007 — 0.144 0.900 0.654
    S25 0.002 — 0.004 — 0.144 0.600 0.444
    S27 0.005 0.002 0.004 — 0.148 0.600 0.438
    S29 0.003 0.003 0.002 — 0.148 0.600 0.437
    S30 0.002 0.092 0.002 — 0.156 0.600 0.441
    S31 0.001 0.048 0.002 — 0.150 0.500 0.367
    S32 0.005 0.042 0.003 0.026 0.172 0.500 0.364
    S34 0.000 0.025 0.002 — 0.182 — 0.134
    S35 0.005 0.043 0.001 0.012 0.174 0.500 0.364
    S36 0.006 0.024 0.001 0.018 0.180 0.500 0.364
    S37 0.001 0.013 0.003 — 0.154 0.500 0.366
    S38 0.005 0.065 0.002 0.102 0.214 0.500 0.369
    S39 0.004 0.168 0.007 0.016 2.540 0.600 1.839
    S44 0.006 0.254 0.006 0.084 0.104 0.900 0.656
    S45 0.006 0.277 0.001 0.070 17.080 0.800 12.267
    S46 0.024 17.180 0.003 0.360 304.840 0.900 218.896
    S47 0.001 0.026 0.004 14.202 0.164 0.600 10.197
    S48 0.001 0.047 0.002 0.196 0.150 0.600 0.440
    S49 0.001 0.033 — 0.126 3.880 0.600 2.821
    S50 0.003 0.036 — 0.022 0.128 0.600 0.439
    S52 0.002 0.034 0.001 0.172 5.040 — 3.640
    S53 0.003 0.041 0.002 0.282 4.980 0.600 3.590
    S54 0.000 0.030 0.024 0.140 0.500 0.367
    S55 0.003 0.046 0.010 0.288 5.340 0.600 3.848
    S57 0.002 0.037 0.001 0.108 5.360 — 3.869
    S58 0.003 0.026 — 0.352 0.138 0.500 0.382
    S59 0.004 0.025 0.001 0.336 0.138 0.500 0.373
    S60 0.003 0.028 — 0.090 0.030 0.500 0.365
    S61 0.002 0.004 — — 0.136 0.600 0.444
    S63 0.002 0.021 0.004 — 0.126 0.700 0.509
    S64 0.002 0.013 — — 0.124 0.700 0.517
    S65 0.002 0.006 — — 0.128 0.600 0.444
    S66 0.002 0.004 — 0.015 0.138 0.900 0.654
    S67 0.002 0.006 — — 0.130 0.600 0.444
    S68 0.002 0.005 — — 0.128 0.700 0.517
    S69 0.002 0.005 — — 0.120 0.600 0.443
    S70 0.002 0.005 — — 0.114 0.700 0.516
    S71 0.001 0.006 — — 0.126 0.700 0.516
    S72 0.000 0.008 — — 0.118 0.600 0.443
    S73 0.001 0.005 — — 0.118 0.600 0.443
    S75 0.001 0.008 — — 0.124 0.600 0.444
    S76 0.001 0.007 — — 0.116 0.700 0.516
    S78 0.002 0.020 0.001 0.048 0.036 0.700 0.504
    S79 0.002 0.024 0.001 0.048 0.962 0.700 0.710
    S81 0.001 0.014 — — 0.074 0.700 0.514
    S82 0.002 0.021 — 0.044 0.036 0.700 0.508
    S83 0.047 0.056 0.002 0.054 0.842 0.700 0.628
    S84 0.006 0.027 0.002 — 0.078 0.700 0.508
    S85 0.004 0.033 0.002 0.050 0.788 0.700 0.587
    S86 0.003 0.018 — 0.052 0.718 0.700 0.550
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 9  小河流域底泥中重金属含量统计特征

    Table 9.  Statistical characteristics of heavy metals in sediment of small river basin

    元素 最大值/
    （mg/kg）    		 最小值/
    （mg/kg）    		 平均值/
    （mg/kg）    		 标准差 变异系数/% 黄河中游土壤
    背景值/（mg/kg）    		 表层土土壤
    筛选值/（mg/kg）
    Cu 1178.00 68.00 291.00 275.97 95 24.00 100.00
    Pb 13545.00 216.00 2116.00 2676.64 127 23.00 170.00
    Zn 2345.00 198.00 780.00 569.01 73 67.00 300.00
    Cd 11.63 0.84 3.70 3.07 83 0.155 0.60
    As 1420.30 3.38 191.40 349.12 182 12.00 25.00
    Hg 8.59 0.10 1.78 1.74 98 0.042 3.40
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 10  河水底泥重金属地质累积指数及污染级别

    Table 10.  Geological accumulation index and pollution level of heavy metals in river sediment

    元素 最小值 最大值 平均值 背景值 各级样品所占比例/％
    0级 1级 2级 3级 4级 5级 6级
    Cu 0.92 5.03 2.57 24 0 3.13 28.13 34.34 21.88 6.25 6.25
    Pb 2.64 8.62 5.18 23 0 0 0 6.25 12.5 28.13 53.13
    Zn 0.98 4.54 2.63 67 0 31.3 28.13 34.34 21.88 12.5 0
    Cd 1.85 5.64 3.55 0.155 0 0 3.13 25 37.5 21.88 12.5
    As -2.41 6.30 1.21 12.00 43.75 9.38 3.13 12.5 18.75 3.13 9.38
    Hg -9.30 -2.87 -5.89 42 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
    下载: 导出CSV
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收稿日期:  2023-06-16
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