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摘要:
这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。随着新能源汽车产业迅速发展，动力锂离子电池产量急剧增加。然而，由于动力锂离子电池使用寿命短，即将面临大规模退役，因此对动力锂离子电池进行有效资源化管理十分必要。本文首先对动力锂离子电池主要组成成分进行介绍，并阐明了其进行正极材料回收前梯次利用和预处理进程，重点综述了废旧动力锂离子电池正极材料火法、湿法和生物法回收技术，提出了生物法回收在废旧动力锂离子电池正极材料资源化处置问题上面临机遇与挑战。本文成果将为动力锂离子电池绿色资源化回收提供参考，促进新能源汽车产业健康发展。
Abstract:This is an essay in the field of ceramics and composites. With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, the production of power lithium-ion batteries has increased dramatically. However, due to the short service life of power Li-ion batteries and their imminent mass retirement, it is necessary to effectively manage power Li-ion batteries in a resourceful manner. This paper first introduces the main components of power lithium-ion batteries and clarifies the stepwise utilization and pre-treatment process before their cathode materials are recycled. It focuses on an overview of the thermal, wet and biological recycling technologies for used power lithium-ion battery cathode materials, and presents the opportunities and challenges faced by biological recycling in the resourceful disposal of used power lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Our results can provide a certain reference for the green resource-based recycling of power lithium-ion batteries and promote the healthy development of the new energy vehicle industry.
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表 1 动力锂离子电池各组分
Table 1. Components of power lithium-ion batteries
名称 含量 主要类型 功能 正极材料 约80% 钴酸锂、锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂和三元材料(镍、钴和锰的聚合物) 正极材料的性能直接影响锂离子电池的性能，其成本也直接决定了电池的成本 负极材料 约80% 天然石墨和人造石墨 提高电池容量和循环性能，处于锂电池产业中游地区的核心 电解液 约80% 由高纯有机溶剂、电解质锂盐、必要的添加剂等原料在一定条件下按一定比例制成 在锂电池正负电极之间起到传导离子的作用，是锂离子电池高电压、高比能量的保证 隔膜 约80% 聚烯烃隔膜，主要由聚乙烯和聚丙烯制成 决定了电池的界面结构和内阻，直接影响电池的容量、循环和安全性能。性能优异的隔膜对提高电池的综合性能起着重要作用 外壳 约80% 钢壳、铝壳、镀镍铁壳、铝塑膜 抑制电池极化,减少热效应,提升倍率使用性能，提升统一性,新增加电池的配置寿命 辅助材料 约20% 粘结剂、导电剂、极耳、胶纸、封装材料等 保证活性物质制浆均匀性和安全性，并起粘接用途，将活性物质粘接到集流体上。 
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表 2 动力锂离子电池组分用量和价格对比
Table 2. Comparision of power lithium-ion batteries’ component dosage and price
名称 材料类型 产量/万t 价格/（万元/t） 正极材料及原辅料 磷酸铁锂（动力型） 34 16.0~16.5 正极材料及原辅料 磷酸铁锂（储能型） 34 14.8~15.2 正极材料及原辅料 钴酸锂 3.82 42~44 正极材料及原辅料 锰酸锂（容量型） 3.21 12.9~13.4 正极材料及原辅料 锰酸锂（动力型） 3.21 13.9~14.3 正极材料及原辅料 聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）（国产） 6.6 40~60 正极材料及原辅料 聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）（进口） 6.6 55~80 负极材料 人造石墨 55 4.3~8.5 负极材料 天然石墨 55 2.8~6.7 电解液 磷酸铁锂 34 5.6~8.5 电解液 钴酸锂 34 8.9~12.1 电解液 锰酸锂 34 4.9~7.3 电解液 碳酸二甲酯DMC 34 7500~8000 电解液 碳酸二乙酯DEC 34 1.3~1.52 电解液 碳酸甲乙酯EMC 34 1.275~1.49 电解液 碳酸丙烯酯PC 34 9600~12550 电解液 碳酸乙烯酯EC 34 7500~8450 隔膜 湿法基膜 56 1.4~3.3 隔膜 干法基膜 56 0.8~0.9 隔膜 湿法涂覆基膜 56 1.9~3.9
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| 引用本文: |
胡程, 王静, 曾丽, 王鸿斌, 詹雅智, 杨振东. 废旧动力锂离子电池正极材料资源化利用[J]. 矿产综合利用, 2023, 44(6): 53-62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2023.06.009
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| Citation: |
Hu Cheng, Wang Jing, Zeng Li, Wang Hongbin, Zhan Yazhi, Yang Zhendong. Resource Utilization of Cathode Materials of Waste Power Lithium-Ion Batteries[J]. Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2023, 44(6): 53-62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2023.06.009
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